Experiential Learning Models and Theory (QHPE 601)

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Questions and Answers

What defines experiential learning in the context of Health Professional Education (HPE)?

  • Learning that occurs solely through observation.
  • Constructing knowledge and meaning from real-life experience. (correct)
  • Learning through theoretical instruction only.
  • Constructing knowledge and meaning from textbook knowledge.

Which theory emphasizes the inseparability of learning and participation in workplace-based learning?

  • Billett's Theory of Participation. (correct)
  • Constructivist Theory.
  • Eraut’s model of learning at work.
  • Social Learning Theory.

What aspect does Eraut’s model specifically address in workplace learning?

  • Learning exclusively through assessments.
  • Learning outcomes that are uniformly structured.
  • Formalized training programs.
  • Tacit learning without awareness. (correct)

Which of the following best describes tacit knowledge as mentioned in the content?

<p>Knowledge that individuals are unaware of acquiring through social interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of workplace learning, what role do human partners play according to Billett's model?

<p>They offer both opportunities for learning and contexts for knowledge application. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of well-structured problems?

<p>They present all important components and relevant information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered a weak problem-solving method?

<p>Applying transferable skills to unfamiliar problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can experiential training contribute to expertise?

<p>By developing both psychomotor and cognitive skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of knowledge-based methods in problem-solving?

<p>To find acceptable solutions for ill-structured problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component for maximizing participation in learning activities?

<p>Offering affective and emotional support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best describes an ill-structured problem?

<p>A case with multiple potential solutions and unknown elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of developing expertise, what is the significance of longitudinal experiences?

<p>They foster ongoing learning through real-world interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines strong problem-solving methods?

<p>They utilize skills to solve familiar problems in a specific domain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model describes how things work and affect each other within a domain?

<p>Causal models (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for solving ill-structured problems according to the content?

<p>Knowledge-based methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Dreyfus and Dreyfus model, what phase is likely to represent experts in a particular domain?

<p>Expert (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes System 1 in problem solving?

<p>Intuitive and based on heuristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of System 2 in problem solving?

<p>It monitors and corrects the outputs of System 1. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of knowledge-based problem solving do learners employ to tackle problems systematically?

<p>Domain-specific cognitive strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an attribute of non-routine problems in terms of problem solving methods?

<p>They require knowledge-based methods to validate solutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a needs assessment when preparing a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>To identify gaps in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes measurable learning objectives in a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>Specific criteria for assessing learning and performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What step precedes the debriefing process in a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>Facilitation of the simulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does fidelity play in the preparation of a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>It represents the authenticity and realism of the simulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the overarching goal of a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>It is a concise statement of desired knowledge and abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the simulation preparation should prebriefing occur?

<p>Prior to facilitation of the simulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of a debriefing session in simulation-based learning?

<p>To facilitate reflection and enhance understanding of the experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fidelity focuses specifically on the physical aspects of a simulation environment?

<p>Physical/environmental fidelity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a prebriefing before a simulation activity?

<p>To establish a psychologically safe environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically included in the process of facilitation during a simulation-based experience?

<p>Participant disengagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the significance of debriefing in simulation-based learning?

<p>It enhances future performance and self-awareness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is mentioned as being potentially used for debriefing based on a theoretical framework?

<p>Plus-Delta model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT included when creating a simulation scenario?

<p>Total cost of simulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these simulation types is characterized by its reliance on sophisticated technology for realism?

<p>Virtual reality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does fidelity in a simulation-based learning experience primarily refer to?

<p>The realism of the simulated experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the simulation preparation process focuses on assessing the needs of the learners?

<p>Needs assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential factor to consider when formulating SMART objectives for simulation learning?

<p>Specificity of goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended format of simulation?

<p>Video tutorial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of preparing a simulation would 'instructions for simulated participants' be developed?

<p>Scenario creation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is generally assessed to ensure the simulations align with learner objectives?

<p>Patient response to interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a debriefing plan in simulation-based learning?

<p>To gather participant feedback for future simulations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do subject matter experts play in developing simulation scenarios?

<p>Ensuring accuracy of clinical content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components included in the facilitation of a simulation-based experience?

<p>Focus on performance, Guidance, Participant engagement, and Feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which debriefing model emphasizes reflection and participant insight based on the content provided?

<p>Debriefing for Meaningful Learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of establishing a psychologically safe environment during prebriefing?

<p>To encourage participation and openness during feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated to ensure the quality and relevance of a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>Participants, facilitators, simulation experience, and support team (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of preparing a simulation-based learning experience is pilot testing crucial?

<p>Before full implementation to refine the experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in preparing a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>Conduct a needs assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of measurable learning objectives in simulation-based learning?

<p>They guide learners towards what should be learned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of preparing a simulation are the key instructional materials developed?

<p>Prebriefing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of conducting a debriefing session following a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>To facilitate an evaluation of performance and learning outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the overarching goal of a simulation-based learning experience encompass?

<p>A brief statement about desired learner outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is crucial in ensuring a successful simulation experience?

<p>Pilot testing the simulation before its implementation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of incorporating fidelity into a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>To ensure that the simulated environment meets learning objectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential when creating a scenario for a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>Staffing requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When designing a virtual reality simulation, which factor should be prioritized to increase realism?

<p>The accuracy of patient physiology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the role of learners in a simulation scenario impact the learning outcomes?

<p>Defined roles ensure a more controlled learning environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be carefully planned to facilitate effective debriefing after a simulation?

<p>The evaluation tools for learner performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In developing a simulation-based learning experience, why is conducting a needs assessment important?

<p>It helps tailor the experience to the specific requirements of learners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'active verbs at Bloom’s level of Application and above' refer to in the context of learning objectives?

<p>Verbs that involve higher-order thinking skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of simulation types such as task trainers and patient simulators?

<p>They replicate specific clinical procedures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the level of fidelity in a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>The educational background of the learners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when creating a scenario in a simulation-based learning experience regarding confidentiality?

<p>Maintaining anonymity of all simulated participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which SimZone is specifically designed for simulations where learners receive automatic feedback from the simulator?

<p>SimZone 0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of SimZone 2 during simulations?

<p>Application of skills in specific situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SimZone 3 is characterized by what primary activity involving learners?

<p>Working in teams within a healthcare environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of SimZone 4 in the overall simulation framework?

<p>It involves debriefing related to real patient care experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learners is primarily engaged in SimZone 1?

<p>Individuals or small groups learning clinical skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature across all SimZone environments?

<p>Structured debriefing processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone's activities could potentially include both interdisciplinary and single profession teams?

<p>SimZone 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes SimZone 0 from other SimZones?

<p>Learner's autonomous interaction with the simulator. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of team development, what unique aspect does SimZone 3 provide?

<p>It ensures that team members remain consistent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the learner engagement process in SimZone 1?

<p>Instructor or peer-led sessions focused on practical skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered when selecting the appropriate type of simulation?

<p>The demographic characteristics of the learners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the SimZones framework in simulation-based learning?

<p>Matching simulation development to specific learning needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of choosing simulation types, what should be prioritized when determining the level of realism needed?

<p>The complexity of the skills being practiced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects an important consideration when selecting a simulation type?

<p>Simulation selection should reflect both the objectives and the learners' capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of simulation is specifically designed to enhance surgical skills?

<p>Task trainers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A simulated patient is best described as which of the following?

<p>An individual trained to portray a patient scenario (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main reason to determine 'how close to reality' a simulation needs to be?

<p>To align with specific learning outcomes of the training (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which common type of simulation extensively utilizes sophisticated technology for realism?

<p>Virtual reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the decision-making process for simulation selection, which question is critical to ask?

<p>What is the expected learning outcome related to the simulation type? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of using simulation-based learning in education?

<p>To provide real-world experience without risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of simulation-based learning?

<p>To engage learners in caring for realistic patient scenarios. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization introduced the standards for simulation-based education?

<p>International Nursing Association of Clinical Simulation and Learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does simulation-based learning primarily aim to amplify?

<p>Authenticity in learner engagement and performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the focus of INACSL standards?

<p>They only apply to nursing education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning outcome is particularly compatible with simulation-based learning?

<p>Practicing decision-making in high-fidelity scenarios. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in preparing a simulation?

<p>Establishing clear learning objectives for the scenario. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of debriefing in simulation-based learning?

<p>To reinforce and evaluate learning outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does simulation fidelity primarily concern in a learning experience?

<p>The accuracy of the simulated environment to real life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the INACSL organization's name change impacted its perception in various disciplines?

<p>It has expanded its recognition across multiple healthcare disciplines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated to ensure the quality of a simulation-based learning experience?

<p>The alignment of simulation objectives with learner needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key advantage of simulation-based education compared to traditional clinical education?

<p>Enables concentrated learning with immediate feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation in clinical education has led to an increase in the use of simulation over the past two decades?

<p>Diminished availability of patients for hands-on training (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of simulation training allows facilitators to observe and adjust learning processes effectively?

<p>The ability to pause the action during training (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does simulation facilitate the mastery of technical and non-technical skills in learners?

<p>Through repetitive practice without real-life consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major challenge faced in traditional clinical training contributes to the need for simulation?

<p>Patients being too sick for beginning level learners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which framework serves as a guiding standard for simulation-based education in healthcare?

<p>Healthcare Simulation Dictionary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way simulation differs from real clinical education in terms of patient interaction?

<p>Facilitators can control the simulated patient and environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is clear communication especially vital in simulation-based learning environments?

<p>To prevent any misunderstanding in role assignments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the growing preference for simulation over traditional clinical training?

<p>The advancement of technology in creating realistic scenarios (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'no one gets hurt' signify in the context of simulation-based training?

<p>Learners can practice high-risk procedures safely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Experiential Learning

Creating knowledge and meaning from real-life experiences, particularly within healthcare professions where learners interact with others in relevant contexts for future careers.

Workplace-based Learning (Billett's Model)

Learning at work is a collaborative process between the learning environment and the learner's actions. Learning is co-created, involving both the workplace and learners' choices.

Tacit Knowledge

Knowledge gained through observation, interactions, and socialization within a context, often without conscious awareness of the learning process.

Eraut's Model (Learning at Work)

A model of learning at work that includes social and individual aspects, emphasizing informal learning from experiences and interactions with colleagues. Implicit learning occurs in this model.

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Constructivism

A theory of learning where knowledge is built from experiences, rather than passively received. Learners actively create their understanding rather than simply absorbing info.

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Community of Practice

A group of people who share a common interest, engage in joint activities, and learn from each other's experiences.

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Maximizing Participation

Creating an learning environment that encourages active involvement and contributions from all participants.

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Meaningful Tasks

Activities that are relevant and engaging, allowing learners to apply their knowledge and skills in real-world situations.

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Affective and Emotional Support

Providing a supportive environment where learners feel safe and valued, allowing them to express emotions and build confidence.

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Pedagogical Organizational Support

Providing structured guidance, resources, and feedback to support learners' progress and development.

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Minimizing Barriers to Participation

Removing obstacles that might prevent learners from fully participating, such as access issues or discrimination.

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Learning from Others

Gaining knowledge and insights from peers, mentors, and other individuals within a community of practice.

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Reflection

The process of critically evaluating one's experiences, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and developing strategies for improvement.

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Knowledge-Based Problem Solving

Using prior knowledge and experience to solve problems, especially when faced with unclear diagnoses or multiple treatment options.

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Conceptual Model

Understanding how things are named and related within a specific field or domain. It helps organize knowledge.

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Causal Model

Understanding how things work and cause effects within a specific field or domain.

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Structural Model

Understanding how things are built or organized within a specific field or domain.

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Ill-structured Problem

A problem with unclear or incomplete information, often requiring knowledge-based solutions.

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Well-structured Problem

A problem with clear rules and a defined solution path, often solved using systematic methods.

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Expertise

A high level of skill and knowledge in a specific area, allowing for efficient and accurate problem solving.

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Needs Assessment

Identifying gaps in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors needed for the simulation.

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Overarching Goal

A brief, general statement about what learners should know and be able to do after the simulation.

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Measurable Learning Objectives

Specific descriptions of the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors learners should demonstrate.

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Scenario Fidelity

The level of realism and detail in the simulation, mirroring real-life situations.

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Pilot Testing

Running the simulation with a small group to identify potential issues before the main training.

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Prebriefing

Preparing learners for the simulation by explaining the scenario, roles, and expectations.

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Debriefing

Analyzing the simulation experience to help learners process their decisions and improve their performance.

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Conceptual Fidelity

The degree to which the content or ideas of a simulation accurately represent real-life scenarios. It focuses on the authenticity of the situation's underlying principles and concepts.

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Psychological Safety

A learning environment where participants feel comfortable taking risks, making mistakes, and learning from them without fear of judgment or negative consequences.

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Debriefing Models

Structured frameworks used to guide the analysis of simulation experiences, facilitating learning and improvement.

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Evaluation Tools

Methods used to assess the effectiveness of the simulation experience, including participant performance, facilitator effectiveness, and the simulation itself.

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SMART Objectives

Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound. They ensure clarity and progress in learning objectives.

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Simulation Fidelity

The degree to which a simulated experience closely mirrors real-life situations. Higher fidelity means more realism.

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Scenario Creation

Developing a context for simulation learning that includes the environment, patient history, and learner roles.

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Types of Simulations

Virtual reality, task trainers, games, patient simulators/ manikins, simulated patients/ participants, computer-based, and hybrid simulations.

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Storyboarding

A visual process of outlining a simulation scenario, similar to creating a storyboard for a film.

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Subject Matter Experts

Individuals with specialized knowledge in a particular field who provide input for scenario development.

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What makes SMART objectives effective?

SMART objectives are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound. This ensures clear, focused learning goals that can be tracked and achieved.

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What is a Needs Assessment?

Identifying gaps in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors required for the simulation.

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Types of fidelity

Different levels of realism in a simulation, focusing on physical environment, concepts, and psychological experience.

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Facilitation

Guidance and support provided by a trained facilitator during a simulation.

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Learner preparation

Providing resources and activities to equip learners before a simulation.

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Simulation Types

Different ways to simulate real-life scenarios for learning, including computer-based, virtual reality, games, mannequins, and actors.

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SimZones

A model that helps choose the best simulation type based on learning objectives and learner needs.

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Learning Outcomes

What learners should know and be able to do after a simulation.

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What are SimZones designed to do?

SimZones were created to address challenges in training healthcare professionals, including: optimizing learner groups, managing simulation delivery models, and enhancing learning.

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What is the key difference between SimZone 0 and SimZone 1?

SimZone 0 is primarily self-directed learning with automated feedback from a simulator, while SimZone 1 involves direct instruction from an instructor or peer.

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What is the primary purpose of SimZone 3?

SimZone 3 focuses on continuous development of healthcare teams within a simulated environment, mimicking real-life workflows.

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How does SimZone 4 connect to real-world practice?

SimZone 4 uses the debriefing principles and methods learned in SimZone 3 to analyze and improve real patient care events.

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What is Simulation?

A technique using guided, interactive experiences to replicate real-world situations in a controlled setting. It promotes, improves, and validates performance.

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Simulation-based Learning Standards

Best practice guidelines developed from research for using simulation in education. They provide a framework for effective implementation.

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Simulation in Healthcare

The use of realistic scenarios to train healthcare professionals on various medical procedures and patient interactions.

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Benefits of Simulation

Simulation allows for practicing skills in a safe environment, overcoming limitations of traditional clinical settings, and providing immediate feedback.

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Fidelity in Simulation

The level of realism and detail in a simulation, mirroring real-life medical scenarios.

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Psychologically Safe Simulation

A learning environment where learners feel comfortable taking risks, making mistakes, and learning from them without fear of judgment.

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Importance of Traditional Clinical Learning

Traditional clinical education is essential for socialization into the role of a physician and gaining real-world experience.

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Combining Simulation and Traditional Learning

Simulation complements traditional clinical education by providing a safe space for repetitive practice, improving skill acquisition, and allowing learners to safely practice high-risk procedures.

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Study Notes

Experiential Learning Models and Theory (QHPE 601)

  • Course name: Experiential Learning Models and Theory
  • Course code: QHPE 601
  • Course description: Evidence-based Teaching and Learning
  • Faculty credits: Dr Ahsan Sethi, Dr Daniel Rainkie

Learning Objectives

  • Students will be able to compare and contrast experiential and simulation-based learning.
  • Students will be able to describe models of workplace-based learning.
  • Students will be able to identify compatible learning outcomes for experiential and simulation environments (e.g., simple/complex skills).
  • Students will be able to identify weak, strong, and knowledge-based problem-solving methods.

Experiential Education

  • Experiential learning involves constructing knowledge and meaning from real-life experiences.
  • In healthcare, experiential learning places learners in roles and contexts relevant to their future careers.
  • Theoretical underpinnings include constructivism and social learning theories.

Theories and Models of Workplace-Based Learning (Billett)

  • Learning and participation are inseparable.
  • Learners actively participate in the learning process.
  • Learning at work involves co-construction between workplace opportunities and learner engagement.
  • Workplace offers human and system partners to support individual knowledge gain.

Theories and Models of Workplace-Based Learning (Eraut)

  • Eraut's model includes social and individual aspects of learning at work.
  • Learning occurs through interaction and experience with colleagues.
  • Implicit (tacit) learning happens without awareness.
  • Tacit knowledge comes from contexts, organizations, and participation.
  • Knowledge is situated within activities and social relations.

Model Conclusions

  • Maximize participation through meaningful tasks and effective support.
  • Minimize barriers to participation, and maximize learning from others.
  • Encourage reflection and build on natural community processes within interdisciplinary and interprofessional teams.

Path to Expertise

  • Experiential training is crucial for developing expertise and psychomotor/cognitive skills.

Providing Care is Problem Solving

  • Cases/problems can be structured (well-defined) or unstructured (ill-defined).
  • Structure experiences to move from well-structured to ill-structured problems.
  • Experiential learning involves scenarios without control of who presents for care. Simulation provides defined and controlled situations.

Problem Solving Methods

  • Weak methods use transferable skills in any domain (e.g., map reading).
  • Strong methods use specific skills in a particular domain (e.g., taking a medical history, using "if-then" rules).

Problem Solving as a Goal

  • Knowledge-based methods combine weak and strong methods to solve ill-structured problems (unclear diagnoses, multiple solutions).
  • Interpretation of domain knowledge is critical for problem solving.
  • Knowledge-based problem solving requires conceptual, causal, and structural models.

Learners as Problem Solvers

  • Learners use relevant knowledge and experiences to find solutions through systematic approaches.
  • Real-life problem solving involves both ill-structured and well-structured elements.
  • Ill-structured problems are best solved using knowledge-based methods. Well-structured problems are best solved using strong methods.

Problem Solving as a Skill (Dreyfus and Dreyfus)

  • The Dreyfus model provides a five-phase model for problem-solving skill development.
  • Experts have largely automated tasks and can interpret problems in general terms.
  • They can monitor and self-correct their performance. Non-routine problems require knowledge-based methods.

System Models and Automation

  • System 1 (automatic): Fast, unconscious, inflexible, using mental shortcuts.
  • System 2 (monitor): Monitors system 1; more conscious and capable of correcting errors or overriding automatic judgments.

Summary

  • Learner-centered experiential education in communities of practice facilitates optimal learning.
  • Learners benefit from opportunities aligned with their training stage..
  • Script formation is critical for expertise.
  • Both routine and non-routine tasks requiring knowledge-based problem-solving methods are crucial for learning.

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