Expanding America: Families and Reforms

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How did the dynamics within families change as more husbands began to work outside the home?

Children became the primary decision-makers in the household.

Husbands took more control over household decisions.

Wives gained some power in the family due to their presence. (correct)

Wives started to work outside the home as well.

What was a significant change in family structure during the emergence of the American middle class?

Women began having a higher number of children.

Men became more involved in household chores.

Closer relationships developed within the family unit. (correct)

Increased family size and extended family living arrangements.

What was a key characteristic of the voluntary associations formed during this period?

They were solely political in nature.

They operated under strict government control.

They aimed to dismantle social hierarchies completely.

They centered around local causes or combating national issues. (correct)

What impact did the Second Great Awakening have on women's roles in religion?

It empowered women to take on significant roles in religious communities. Signup and view all the answers

How did Alexis de Tocqueville perceive the concept of equality in America?

He recognized the existence of disparities undermining this equality. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of urbanization and industrialization on poorer families during the Jacksonian era?

They showed little awareness of the societal changes affecting them. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did the concept of salvation play for parents during the Second Great Awakening?

Parents were encouraged to actively guide their children towards salvation. Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Grandison Finney advocate during the Second Great Awakening?

An emphasis on individual control over one's own fate and salvation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main impact of Finney's revivals in the burned-over districts?

Church memberships sharply increased Signup and view all the answers

What type of reforms did Dorothea Dix advocate for during her campaign?

Improved care of the insane Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was formed in 1826 to combat drunkenness?

American Temperance Union Signup and view all the answers

What unique belief did the Shakers hold regarding human reproduction?

They practiced celibacy Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary failure of the New Harmony community founded by Robert Owen?

Financial mismanagement and lack of organization Signup and view all the answers

How did William Lloyd Garrison's approach to abolition differ from that of many of his contemporaries?

He advocated for immediate abolition without compensation Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Joseph Smith as the leader of the Mormons after his murder?

Brigham Young Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the formation of the Liberty Party in 1839?

Opposition to the practice of slavery Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurred at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?

Drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments Signup and view all the answers

What was Frederick Douglass's perspective on achieving freedom for blacks?

It required social and economic equality in addition to political rights Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following beliefs did the leaders of the abolitionist movement hold?

Slavery should end immediately and without compensation Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant achievement of the American Temperance Union during the early 1840s?

Securing prohibition legislation in several states Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished the Shaker community from other religious groups of the time?

The practice of celibacy and communal living Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first vice president to step in when the president dies?

John Tyler Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of John Tyler's veto of Clay’s Bank bill?

Many Whigs resigned from the cabinet. Signup and view all the answers

What major treaty did Daniel Webster sign relating to the Maine border?

Webster-Ashburton Treaty Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary issue regarding the annexation of Texas?

The question of slavery Signup and view all the answers

What event escalated the Texas War for Independence?

Santa Anna's invasion of Texas Signup and view all the answers

What outcome was achieved at the Battle of San Jacinto?

Texas independence was secured. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a significant factor in the 1844 election?

The emergence of the Liberty Party Signup and view all the answers

What was James Polk's famous campaign slogan?

Fifty-Four Forty or Fight! Signup and view all the answers

How did Polk's presidency impact the issue of tariffs?

He opposed high tariffs but lowered them. Signup and view all the answers

What significant aftermath followed the Battle of the Alamo?

Any chance for peaceful settlement was lost. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Sam Houston's role after Texas achieved independence?

He was elected president of Texas. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Oregon Trail?

To enable settlement in Oregon. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the 1846 Mexican-American War?

The U.S. gained significant territories including Texas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following led to the division of Oregon with Britain?

Desire to avoid conflict with Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What was President Taylor's proposal regarding California's admission?

Californians should decide on the slavery issue themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Free Soil Party?

To oppose slavery in newly acquired territories. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a result of the Compromise of 1850?

The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the Wilmot Proviso?

It banned slavery in territories acquired from Mexico. Signup and view all the answers

Who played a key role in promoting the Compromise of 1850 in the Senate?

Stephen Douglas Signup and view all the answers

What did the amended Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 authorize?

Federal Commissioners to issue warrants for fugitives. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Free Soil Party in the 1848 election?

They helped the Whigs win by drawing votes away from Democrats. Signup and view all the answers

What major concern did southerners have regarding the Wilmot Proviso?

It favored northern states over southern interests. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Henry Clay's proposal in the Compromise of 1850 receive significant attention?

It was his last great speech in the Senate. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Anthony's first campaign in 1854 and 1855?

To reform property and divorce laws Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to New England Transcendentalism?

The divine nature of humans interconnected with nature Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Common School Movement?

Knowledge should be disseminated through government-supported free schools Signup and view all the answers

What impact did penny newspapers have on the community?

They made information more accessible to the lower class Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Oberlin College in the 19th century?

It was the first coeducational liberal arts school in the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Tocqueville’s view of early 19th century America?

A society with visible inequalities in various aspects of life Signup and view all the answers

What phrase did John O'Sullivan coin in 1845 that encapsulated American expansionist ideals?

Manifest Destiny Signup and view all the answers

What was the underlying objective of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?

To establish a boundary between Maine and New Brunswick Signup and view all the answers

What did Horace Mann criticize about wealthy parents in relation to education?

They avoided interacting with poorer neighbors by not using local schools Signup and view all the answers

Which two leaders were influential in the Common School Movement?

Henry Barnard and Horace Mann Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the Davy Crockett Almanacs is true?

They were known for absurd tales and humor related to frontier life Signup and view all the answers

What did advocates of the Common School Movement believe about education?

Access to education should be universal and government-supported Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals mostly populated Oberlin College?

Women and black students Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of changes in the national economy on middle-class families in the 1820s?

The need for family members to work outside the home grew Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary slogan associated with James Polk during the 1844 presidential election?

Fifty-four Forty or Fight Signup and view all the answers

What event is often referred to as 'Polk's War'?

Mexican-American War Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue surrounding the border dispute between Texas and Mexico?

Whether the border was the Rio Grande or Nueces River Signup and view all the answers

Who was sent by Polk to negotiate the purchase of southwestern territory?

Slidell Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Texas recognized the Rio Grande as its boundary Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the Bear Flag Revolt?

To declare independence from Mexico and join the US Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason the discovery of gold in California in 1849 was significant?

It attracted many settlers and prospectors to California Signup and view all the answers

Which general was appointed by Polk to take charge of military operations in Mexico?

Winfield Scott Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern surrounding the Wilmot Proviso?

It sought to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico Signup and view all the answers

What did Polk do after Trist ignored his order to return home during negotiations?

Ordered him to be placed under arrest Signup and view all the answers

During the Mexican War, how did the Mexican forces compare to the American troops?

The Mexican troops were poorly equipped and led Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the California Gold Rush on the local population?

Newcomers discriminated against and marginalized local Californians Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the way Winfield Scott conducted his military campaign?

He maintained effective discipline and avoided atrocities Signup and view all the answers

What challenging situation did Nick Trist face during the treaty negotiations?

A disintegrating Mexican government that delayed negotiations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Expanding America: Family, Church, and Association Changes

Husbands, working 6 days a week, gave some family power to their wives.
Families had fewer children.
Stronger family relationships emerged.

Second Great Awakening Impact

Evangelist preachers rose, challenging Calvinist ideas.
Emphasis shifted to personal salvation and individual control over fate.
Church membership increased significantly—over 100,000.
Women played a key role in religious education.

Reform Movements

Temperance: National crusade against drunkenness.
Prison and Mental Health Reforms: Focus on rehabilitation and specialized facilities.
Abolitionism: Movement to abolish slavery.
Women's Rights Movement: Roots in Abolitionism, demanding greater equality.
Utopian Communities: Attempts at social reorganization and ideal living. Examples include New Harmony, Mormons/Shakers.

Key Figures and Movements

Charles G. Finney: Evangelical preacher, challenged Calvinism.
Dorothea Dix: Campaigner for better care for the mentally ill.
William Lloyd Garrison: Abolitionist leader and newspaper publisher ("The Liberator").
Frederick Douglass: Former slave, influential abolitionist speaker and writer.
Sarah & Angelina Grimke: Abolitionist advocates for women's rights.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott: Leaders in the Seneca Falls Convention, launching the women's rights movement.

Transcendentalism and Education

New England Transcendentalism: Emphasis on intuition, spirituality, and individualism, connecting humans to nature.
Horace Mann and Henry Barnard: Key figures in the Common School Movement, advocating for statewide, free public education.

Expansionism

Manifest Destiny: Belief in America's divinely ordained right to expand across the continent.
Texas War for Independence: Texans revolted against Mexico, leading to Texas's independence.
Mexico War (1846-1848): Triggered by border disputes and American expansionist desires; led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Ended the Mexican-American War, Mexico ceded vast territories (New Mexico and California) to the US.
California Gold Rush: Discovery of gold in California, brought massive migration and population boom.

Political and Ideological Debates

Free Soil Party: Advocated against slavery in new territories, contesting the election of 1848.
Compromise of 1850: Series of measures to address the issue of slavery in new territories, notably California’s admission as a free state. Compromising measures included Fugitive Slave Act and abolition of slave trade in DC.
Fugitive Slave Act: Designed to recapture runaway slaves — controversial because of its harsh measures.

Individuals

John Tyler: President after Harrison, independent and pro-states' rights.
James Polk: Polk was the president of the US from 1845-49. Very Expansionist.
Zachary Taylor: Whig General and President; elected in 1848.
Winfield Scott: Led US forces to victory in Mexico.

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Explore the transformations in American families, churches, and social movements during the 19th century. This quiz covers the impact of the Second Great Awakening, various reform movements, and the key figures who shaped these changes. Test your knowledge on how these elements contributed to the evolution of American society.