Expanding America: Families and Reforms
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Questions and Answers

How did the dynamics within families change as more husbands began to work outside the home?

  • Children became the primary decision-makers in the household.
  • Husbands took more control over household decisions.
  • Wives gained some power in the family due to their presence. (correct)
  • Wives started to work outside the home as well.

What was a significant change in family structure during the emergence of the American middle class?

  • Women began having a higher number of children.
  • Men became more involved in household chores.
  • Closer relationships developed within the family unit. (correct)
  • Increased family size and extended family living arrangements.

What was a key characteristic of the voluntary associations formed during this period?

  • They were solely political in nature.
  • They operated under strict government control.
  • They aimed to dismantle social hierarchies completely.
  • They centered around local causes or combating national issues. (correct)

What impact did the Second Great Awakening have on women's roles in religion?

<p>It empowered women to take on significant roles in religious communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Alexis de Tocqueville perceive the concept of equality in America?

<p>He recognized the existence of disparities undermining this equality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of urbanization and industrialization on poorer families during the Jacksonian era?

<p>They showed little awareness of the societal changes affecting them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did the concept of salvation play for parents during the Second Great Awakening?

<p>Parents were encouraged to actively guide their children towards salvation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Grandison Finney advocate during the Second Great Awakening?

<p>An emphasis on individual control over one's own fate and salvation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main impact of Finney's revivals in the burned-over districts?

<p>Church memberships sharply increased (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reforms did Dorothea Dix advocate for during her campaign?

<p>Improved care of the insane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was formed in 1826 to combat drunkenness?

<p>American Temperance Union (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique belief did the Shakers hold regarding human reproduction?

<p>They practiced celibacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary failure of the New Harmony community founded by Robert Owen?

<p>Financial mismanagement and lack of organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did William Lloyd Garrison's approach to abolition differ from that of many of his contemporaries?

<p>He advocated for immediate abolition without compensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Joseph Smith as the leader of the Mormons after his murder?

<p>Brigham Young (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the formation of the Liberty Party in 1839?

<p>Opposition to the practice of slavery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurred at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?

<p>Drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Frederick Douglass's perspective on achieving freedom for blacks?

<p>It required social and economic equality in addition to political rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following beliefs did the leaders of the abolitionist movement hold?

<p>Slavery should end immediately and without compensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant achievement of the American Temperance Union during the early 1840s?

<p>Securing prohibition legislation in several states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished the Shaker community from other religious groups of the time?

<p>The practice of celibacy and communal living (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first vice president to step in when the president dies?

<p>John Tyler (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of John Tyler's veto of Clay’s Bank bill?

<p>Many Whigs resigned from the cabinet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major treaty did Daniel Webster sign relating to the Maine border?

<p>Webster-Ashburton Treaty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary issue regarding the annexation of Texas?

<p>The question of slavery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event escalated the Texas War for Independence?

<p>Santa Anna's invasion of Texas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome was achieved at the Battle of San Jacinto?

<p>Texas independence was secured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a significant factor in the 1844 election?

<p>The emergence of the Liberty Party (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was James Polk's famous campaign slogan?

<p>Fifty-Four Forty or Fight! (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Polk's presidency impact the issue of tariffs?

<p>He opposed high tariffs but lowered them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant aftermath followed the Battle of the Alamo?

<p>Any chance for peaceful settlement was lost. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Sam Houston's role after Texas achieved independence?

<p>He was elected president of Texas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Oregon Trail?

<p>To enable settlement in Oregon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the 1846 Mexican-American War?

<p>The U.S. gained significant territories including Texas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following led to the division of Oregon with Britain?

<p>Desire to avoid conflict with Canada. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was President Taylor's proposal regarding California's admission?

<p>Californians should decide on the slavery issue themselves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Free Soil Party?

<p>To oppose slavery in newly acquired territories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a result of the Compromise of 1850?

<p>The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the Wilmot Proviso?

<p>It banned slavery in territories acquired from Mexico. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who played a key role in promoting the Compromise of 1850 in the Senate?

<p>Stephen Douglas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the amended Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 authorize?

<p>Federal Commissioners to issue warrants for fugitives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Free Soil Party in the 1848 election?

<p>They helped the Whigs win by drawing votes away from Democrats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern did southerners have regarding the Wilmot Proviso?

<p>It favored northern states over southern interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Henry Clay's proposal in the Compromise of 1850 receive significant attention?

<p>It was his last great speech in the Senate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Anthony's first campaign in 1854 and 1855?

<p>To reform property and divorce laws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to New England Transcendentalism?

<p>The divine nature of humans interconnected with nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Common School Movement?

<p>Knowledge should be disseminated through government-supported free schools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did penny newspapers have on the community?

<p>They made information more accessible to the lower class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Oberlin College in the 19th century?

<p>It was the first coeducational liberal arts school in the U.S. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Tocqueville’s view of early 19th century America?

<p>A society with visible inequalities in various aspects of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phrase did John O'Sullivan coin in 1845 that encapsulated American expansionist ideals?

<p>Manifest Destiny (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the underlying objective of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?

<p>To establish a boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Horace Mann criticize about wealthy parents in relation to education?

<p>They avoided interacting with poorer neighbors by not using local schools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two leaders were influential in the Common School Movement?

<p>Henry Barnard and Horace Mann (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the Davy Crockett Almanacs is true?

<p>They were known for absurd tales and humor related to frontier life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did advocates of the Common School Movement believe about education?

<p>Access to education should be universal and government-supported (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals mostly populated Oberlin College?

<p>Women and black students (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of changes in the national economy on middle-class families in the 1820s?

<p>The need for family members to work outside the home grew (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary slogan associated with James Polk during the 1844 presidential election?

<p>Fifty-four Forty or Fight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is often referred to as 'Polk's War'?

<p>Mexican-American War (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue surrounding the border dispute between Texas and Mexico?

<p>Whether the border was the Rio Grande or Nueces River (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was sent by Polk to negotiate the purchase of southwestern territory?

<p>Slidell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

<p>Texas recognized the Rio Grande as its boundary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the Bear Flag Revolt?

<p>To declare independence from Mexico and join the US (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason the discovery of gold in California in 1849 was significant?

<p>It attracted many settlers and prospectors to California (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which general was appointed by Polk to take charge of military operations in Mexico?

<p>Winfield Scott (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern surrounding the Wilmot Proviso?

<p>It sought to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Polk do after Trist ignored his order to return home during negotiations?

<p>Ordered him to be placed under arrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Mexican War, how did the Mexican forces compare to the American troops?

<p>The Mexican troops were poorly equipped and led (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the California Gold Rush on the local population?

<p>Newcomers discriminated against and marginalized local Californians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the way Winfield Scott conducted his military campaign?

<p>He maintained effective discipline and avoided atrocities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenging situation did Nick Trist face during the treaty negotiations?

<p>A disintegrating Mexican government that delayed negotiations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Emerging American Middle Class

A social group characterized by shared values, economic prosperity, and close family ties.

Changing Family Roles

Husbands' roles changed due to working more, while women took on more domestic responsibilities, leading to closer family relationships and fewer children.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revivals of the early 1800s affecting American society, sparking evangelist movements.

Evangelist Movement

A religious movement emphasizing personal salvation and individual faith.

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Voluntary Associations

Groups formed around local or national causes, often led by ministers, lawyers, or merchants.

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Alexis de Tocqueville's Observation

He observed growing equality in America but failed to see growing inequality in American society.

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Poverty in Jacksonian America

Significant poverty existed, especially in cities, during the 1830s and 1840s, despite Tocqueville's perception.

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Diminishing Calvinism

The importance of Calvinistic religious ideals decreased, replaced by emphasis on personal salvation and agency.

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Charles G. Finney

A prominent preacher and leader of the Second Great Awakening, known for his powerful revivals and emphasis on personal conversion.

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Burned-over Districts

Areas along the Erie Canal heavily affected by religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening.

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Social Reforms

Efforts to improve society, including prison reform and care for the mentally ill.

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Dorothea Dix

A social reformer who worked tirelessly to improve the treatment of the mentally ill and the conditions in asylums.

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American Temperance Union

An organization working to curb alcohol abuse in the 19th century, leading to the temperance movement and reforms.

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Shakers

A religious community advocating celibacy, communal living, and equality, known for their simple lifestyle and social reform efforts.

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Utopian Societies

Communities founded with the goal of establishing ideal social and economic systems.

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Mormons

A religious group founded by Joseph Smith, known for their unique religious beliefs and eventual settlement in Utah.

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Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery in the United States during the 19th century.

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William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist who advocated for immediate emancipation and the equality of slaves.

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Frederick Douglass

A former slave and prominent abolitionist who became a powerful orator and writer, advocating for racial equality.

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Seneca Falls Convention

A landmark meeting in 1848 that launched the women's rights movement in the United States.

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Anthony's Goal

Anthony sought to influence male-dominated societies by organizing a campaign for women's rights.

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Anthony's 1854 Campaign

Anthony organized a petition to the New York legislature seeking reforms in property and divorce laws for women.

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Transcendentalism's Focus

Transcendentalism prioritized intuitive understanding and spiritual connection over factual knowledge.

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Transcendentalists' Beliefs

Transcendentalists believed in the inherent goodness of humanity and the universe, seeing humans as divine and part of nature.

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Common School Movement Purpose

The Common School movement aimed to provide free, publicly-funded education to all children, believing it was crucial for a democratic society.

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Common School Movement Key Figures

Horace Mann and Henry Barnard were leaders of the Common School movement, advocating for statewide education systems and teacher training.

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Penny Newspapers Impact

Penny newspapers, made affordable by printing advancements, increased access to news and information for the masses.

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Davy Crockett Almanacs Purpose

Almanacs featuring tales of frontier life and humorous illustrations provided entertainment and stories for a wider audience.

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Oberlin College's Significance

Oberlin College, the first coeducational liberal arts college in the US, opened its doors to women and Black students.

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Manifest Destiny's Core Idea

Manifest Destiny was the belief that American expansion across the North American continent was both inevitable and divinely ordained.

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Influences on Expansion

Population growth, immigration, and a disregard for political boundaries fueled westward expansion.

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Webster-Ashburton Treaty Purpose

The treaty resolved a border dispute between Maine and New Brunswick, preventing a potential conflict between the US and Britain.

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John Tyler's Presidency

John Tyler, a states' rights advocate, became president after Harrison's death, promoting an independent agenda.

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Tocqueville's View of American Equality

Tocqueville observed greater equality in America compared to Europe but recognized limitations and the presence of inequality in various aspects of American life.

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Impact of Economic Changes on Families

The changing national economy in the 1820s impacted middle-class families, requiring adaptations to their lifestyle and responsibilities.

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John Tyler

He was the 10th President of the United States. He took over after William Henry Harrison died in office. As a Whig, Tyler opposed the policies of his own party, leading to conflict and his expulsion from the party. He attempted to successfully annex Texas but faced strong opposition due to the issue of slavery.

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Daniel Webster

He was a prominent American politician and lawyer, known for his oratory skills and strong nationalist views. He played a crucial role in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which resolved the boundary dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the Maine territory.

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Texas War for Independence

A conflict from 1835 to 1836, where Texas declared its independence from Mexico. The conflict involved the struggle for Texan sovereignty, fueled by growing tensions over slavery and Mexican government policies.

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Alamo

A historic battle during the Texas Revolution. A small group of Texan defenders, including Davy Crockett, held out against a much larger Mexican army at a former Spanish mission in San Antonio. Ultimately, they were overwhelmed and perished.

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San Jacinto

The decisive battle of the Texas Revolution, where Sam Houston and his Texan army defeated Mexican forces led by General Santa Anna. This victory secured Texan independence from Mexico.

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Sam Houston

He was a key figure in the Texas Revolution, serving as commander of the Texan army at the Battle of San Jacinto. After Texas gained independence, he was elected president of the Republic of Texas and later played a role in the annexation of Texas into the United States.

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Lone Star Republic

The independent nation of Texas after they won their revolution against Mexico.

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Oregon Trail

A historic westward migration route used by Americans travelling towards the Oregon Territory during the 19th century. It was characterized by its length, rugged terrain, and dangers faced by the pioneers.

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James K. Polk

He was the 11th President of the United States. Known for his expansionist policies, Polk led the country through the Mexican-American War and secured the annexation of Texas.

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Manifest Destiny

A belief popular in the 19th century that the United States had a God-given right and responsibility to expand across the North American continent.

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'54 40 or Fight!'

A campaign slogan used by James K. Polk during the 1844 presidential election demanding that the United States acquire all of the Oregon Territory up to the 54°40' parallel.

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Oregon Compromise

An agreement between the United States and Great Britain that settled the boundary dispute over the Oregon Territory. The border was set at the 49th parallel, dividing the territory between the two nations.

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Mexican-American War

A conflict between the United States and Mexico (1846-1848), sparked by disputes over the Texas border. This war resulted in the United States gaining vast territories in the southwest, including California and New Mexico.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty ended the Mexican-American War in 1848. The United States gained a significant amount of territory from Mexico, including California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

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Texan Boundary Dispute

This was a conflict over the border between Texas and Mexico, which contributed to tension between the two nations and ultimately led to the Mexican-American war.

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John Sutter

A Swiss immigrant who owned Sutter's Mill in California, where gold was discovered in 1839, triggering the California Gold Rush.

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Free Soil Party

A political party formed in 1848 dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories like Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. They advocated for a free West.

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Wilmot Proviso

A proposed amendment that aimed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.

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Compromise of 1850

A series of agreements aimed at resolving tensions between the North and South over slavery, primarily including California's admission as a free state, the organization of new territories without slavery, and the Fugitive Slave Act.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

A stricter version of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, making it more difficult for fugitive slaves to find freedom in the North.

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The Barnburners

A radical faction of the Democratic Party, which opposed slavery in the territories and joined the Free Soil Party.

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Stephen Douglas

A prominent politician who played a key role in the Compromise of 1850, working alongside Henry Clay to negotiate a settlement on slavery.

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Was the Compromise of 1850 a final solution to the slavery issue?

No, while the Compromise of 1850 momentarily eased tensions, it failed to address the fundamental issue of slavery's expansion, leaving it unsettled and ultimately failing to prevent the Civil War.

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What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850?

The Compromise of 1850 included California's admission as a free state, the organization of new territories without deciding on slavery, the Fugitive Slave Act, the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and the resolution of the Texas border dispute.

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How did the Compromise of 1850 affect Texas?

Texas agreed to a narrower western boundary and received $10 million to pay off its debt in exchange for giving up its claims to land in the Southwest.

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James K. Polk's Slogan

Polk's campaign slogan, "54 40 or Fight!" demanded the US take all of the Oregon Territory up to the 54°40' parallel, or fight Britain.

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Polk's War

The Mexican-American War, lasting 1846-1848, occurred due to disputes over Texas's border. The US won.

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Bear Flag Revolt

American settlers in California, led by John Fremont, revolted against Mexican rule, wanting to join the US.

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Zachary Taylor

A US General who crossed the disputed Texas border, leading to the Mexican War. Later, he became President.

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Winfield Scott

A US General who led troops in Mexico City, achieving a big victory. He helped modernize the US military.

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California Gold Rush

Discovery of gold in California in 1849 brought thousands of people, changing the region's demographics.

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John Fremont

A US explorer who helped organize the Bear Flag revolt in California, wanting to join the US.

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Was the Mexican-American War Controversial?

Yes, it was controversial because of the causes, including expansionism, slavery, and unresolved border disputes.

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What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Mexico ceded land to US (California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and more) and US paid $15 Million.

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How did the California Gold Rush affect the region?

It dramatically increased population, led to economic and social changes, and contributed to tensions with Native Americans.

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What was the role of the US Army in the Mexican-American War?

The US Army, under Generals Taylor and Scott, fought and won key battles, leading to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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What was the significance of Manifest Destiny in the Mexican-American War?

Manifest Destiny justified the war and expansionist policies, driving the US to acquire vast territories from Mexico.

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Study Notes

Expanding America: Family, Church, and Association Changes

  • Husbands, working 6 days a week, gave some family power to their wives.
  • Families had fewer children.
  • Stronger family relationships emerged.

Second Great Awakening Impact

  • Evangelist preachers rose, challenging Calvinist ideas.
  • Emphasis shifted to personal salvation and individual control over fate.
  • Church membership increased significantly—over 100,000.
  • Women played a key role in religious education.

Reform Movements

  • Temperance: National crusade against drunkenness.

  • Prison and Mental Health Reforms: Focus on rehabilitation and specialized facilities.

  • Abolitionism: Movement to abolish slavery.

  • Women's Rights Movement: Roots in Abolitionism, demanding greater equality.

  • Utopian Communities: Attempts at social reorganization and ideal living. Examples include New Harmony, Mormons/Shakers.

Key Figures and Movements

  • Charles G. Finney: Evangelical preacher, challenged Calvinism.
  • Dorothea Dix: Campaigner for better care for the mentally ill.
  • William Lloyd Garrison: Abolitionist leader and newspaper publisher ("The Liberator").
  • Frederick Douglass: Former slave, influential abolitionist speaker and writer.
  • Sarah & Angelina Grimke: Abolitionist advocates for women's rights.
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott: Leaders in the Seneca Falls Convention, launching the women's rights movement.

Transcendentalism and Education

  • New England Transcendentalism: Emphasis on intuition, spirituality, and individualism, connecting humans to nature.
  • Horace Mann and Henry Barnard: Key figures in the Common School Movement, advocating for statewide, free public education.

Expansionism

  • Manifest Destiny: Belief in America's divinely ordained right to expand across the continent.

  • Texas War for Independence: Texans revolted against Mexico, leading to Texas's independence.

  • Mexico War (1846-1848): Triggered by border disputes and American expansionist desires; led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Ended the Mexican-American War, Mexico ceded vast territories (New Mexico and California) to the US.

  • California Gold Rush: Discovery of gold in California, brought massive migration and population boom.

Political and Ideological Debates

  • Free Soil Party: Advocated against slavery in new territories, contesting the election of 1848.

  • Compromise of 1850: Series of measures to address the issue of slavery in new territories, notably California’s admission as a free state. Compromising measures included Fugitive Slave Act and abolition of slave trade in DC.

  • Fugitive Slave Act: Designed to recapture runaway slaves — controversial because of its harsh measures.

Individuals

  • John Tyler: President after Harrison, independent and pro-states' rights.
  • James Polk: Polk was the president of the US from 1845-49. Very Expansionist.
  • Zachary Taylor: Whig General and President; elected in 1848.
  • Winfield Scott: Led US forces to victory in Mexico.

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Description

Explore the transformations in American families, churches, and social movements during the 19th century. This quiz covers the impact of the Second Great Awakening, various reform movements, and the key figures who shaped these changes. Test your knowledge on how these elements contributed to the evolution of American society.

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