exp3104 Exam 3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Newton's quote, 'The rays...are not colored', means that _____

colors are created by our perceptual system

Nora adapts to a yellow stimulus for about 30 seconds. She will then see an afterimage that appears to be _____

green

red

blue (correct)

a saturated yellow

Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is _____ than accommodation.

equally effective

less automatic

less effective

more effective (correct)

Opponent neurons found in _____ provide physiological support for the opponent-process theory.

both the retina and LGN Signup and view all the answers

Paint that is mixed is referred to as a(n) _____

subtractive color mixture Signup and view all the answers

Physiological evidence shows that deuteranopes do not have the _____ wavelength cone pigment.

medium Signup and view all the answers

Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave.

frequency Signup and view all the answers

Which depth cue most influenced Bryce's perception of two men standing at the same distance?

familiar size Signup and view all the answers

The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue _____

can be tested using random dot stereograms Signup and view all the answers

The absorption curves for honeybee visual pigments are _____

nearly identical to those of humans Signup and view all the answers

The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is _____ degrees.

2.0 Signup and view all the answers

The anecdote about the pilot misjudging the size of an object is related to which study?

Holway and Boring's (1941) 'hallway' study Signup and view all the answers

The basic colors in the color circle are _____

red, green, blue, and yellow Signup and view all the answers

The bending of the cilia of the _____ causes a release of small bursts of neurotransmitter.

inner hair cells Signup and view all the answers

The case of 'Mr. I' supports the idea that color is processed in _____

a 'color center' in the cortex Signup and view all the answers

The correct order of the ossicles in the middle ear (from ear drum to oval window) is _____

malleus; incus; stapes Signup and view all the answers

The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by _____

random-dot stereograms Signup and view all the answers

The depth cue of _____ is the most important in the Ponzo (railroad track) illusion.

perspective convergence Signup and view all the answers

The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in '3-D' movies is _____

binocular disparity Signup and view all the answers

The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated checkerboard is a(n) _____

illumination edge Signup and view all the answers

The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of _____

resonance Signup and view all the answers

The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to _____

dampen the ossicles vibrations at high intensities Signup and view all the answers

The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is _____

the horopter Signup and view all the answers

The importance of _____ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth.

random dot stereograms Signup and view all the answers

The key to the Ames Room illusion is that _____

the room is constructed to look rectangular to the observer but it is not Signup and view all the answers

The major theories of color vision were first proposed _____

in the 1800s, based on behavioral evidence only Signup and view all the answers

The maximum absorption for the LONG-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.

558 Signup and view all the answers

The maximum absorption for the SHORT-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.

419 Signup and view all the answers

The motion of the basilar membrane results in _____.

movement of both the organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane Signup and view all the answers

The neutral point for protonopes is approximately _____ nm.

492 Signup and view all the answers

The outer ear consists of _____

the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

The pattern of firing of receptor activity in response to red would be _____

little firing from the S receptor, a moderate firing from the M receptor, and large firing from the L receptor Signup and view all the answers

The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately.

univariance Signup and view all the answers

The question 'If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?' is useful because it highlights that 'sound' can be _____

both a perceptual response and a physical stimulus Signup and view all the answers

The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz.

20 and 20,000 Signup and view all the answers

The rarest form of dichromatism is _____

tritanopia Signup and view all the answers

The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper will reflect _____

long and short wavelengths Signup and view all the answers

The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would reflect _____

long, medium and short wavelengths equally Signup and view all the answers

The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of _____

wavelength Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between loudness and frequency can be shown graphically using _____

equal loudness curves Signup and view all the answers

The role of the middle ear is _____

to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid Signup and view all the answers

The size-distance scaling equation explains Emmert's Law because _____

retinal size is constant as perceived distance changes Signup and view all the answers

The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____

we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different Signup and view all the answers

The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The 'S' in the equation stands for _____

an object's perceived size Signup and view all the answers

The sound pressure level increases _____ as the decibel level increases from 40 to 80 dBs.

The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, 'nasalness' or 'reedy-ness' is _____

timbre Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Visual and Depth Perception Concepts

Strabismus: Condition with uncoordinated eye movements.
Stereoscopic Depth Perception: Depth perception created from input by both eyes.
Binocular Disparity: Difference in images received by each eye; leads to stereopsis (impression of depth).
Depth Cues:
- Familiar Size: Requires known size of objects to judge distance.
- Shadows, Linear Perspective: Cues used for assessing depth.
- Binocular Disparity: Most effective depth cue for infants around four months old.

Auditory Concepts

Tone Height: Property that correlates increased pitch with increased frequency.
Fundamental Frequency: A pure tone from which complex tones (harmonics) are derived. Example: 440 Hz foundational tone combined with harmonics (880 Hz, 1320 Hz).
Echolocation: Bats use this to perceive depth through emitted sounds.

Illusion and Size Constancy

Müller-Lyer Illusion: Misapplied size constancy scaling leads to perception of lines differing in length based on depth assumptions.
Apparent-Distance Theory: Moon appears larger near the horizon due to perceived distance differences.
Size Constancy: More prevalent with multiple depth cues; familiar size is critical when other depth information is absent.

Color Perception

Color Constancy: Perception of consistent color under varying lighting conditions; works best surrounded by multiple colors.
Cerebral Achromatopsia: Color experience affected due to brain injury despite normal cone functioning.
Wavelength and Mixing:
- Minimum of two types of visual pigments necessary for wavelength distinction.
- Mixing paints results in a subtractive color mixture; mixing light results in additive mixture.

Visual Processing and Adaptation

Chromatic Adaptation: Process by which color perception adjusts; example: perceiving color consistently under different lights.
Opponent-Process Theory: Supported by physiological evidence found in both retina and LGN; involves color perception through opposing colors.

Important Concepts and Findings

Neural Mechanisms: Opponent neurons provide evidence for color processing theories, validating psychological models.
Visual Cues and Perception: Observers utilize various cues (like texture gradient, perspective convergence) for judging object sizes and distances.
Infants and Depth Perception: Development timeline shows binocular disparity usage improves from around 3.5 to 6 months.

Sound and Hearing

Sound Intensity: Measured in decibels; very high levels can be felt physically (e.g., 130 dB).
Hearing Limits of Animals: Certain whistles (30,000-40,000 Hz) are inaudible to humans but can be heard by dogs.

Miscellaneous

Behavioral Studies: Research on kittens showed neural development in relation to stereopsis and binocular vision.
Depth via Motion Parallax: Utilized effectively in animated media for creating depth perception illusions.
Cognition and Visual Experience: Understanding of depth and space illustrated by experiments involving known object sizes influencing perceived distances.### Perception and Depth Cues
Familiar size influences depth perception, allowing recognition of objects at varying distances based on prior knowledge of their sizes.
Binocular disparity is a key depth cue, tested effectively through random dot stereograms.
Perspective convergence is crucial in visual illusions like Ponzo to perceive depth.

Color Vision and Hearing

Basic colors include red, green, blue, and yellow, foundational to color theory.
Color processing occurs in a "color center" within the cortex, not just in the retina or LGN.
Human hearing ranges between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, enabling a wide auditory spectrum.

Auditory and Visual Systems

The auditory canal enhances sound intensity through resonance, improving perception of certain frequencies.
The middle ear's muscles dampen ossicle vibrations at high intensities to protect hearing.
The maximum absorption of long-wavelength cones occurs at 558 nm and short-wavelength cones at 419 nm.

Illusions and Theories

The Ames Room illusion demonstrates distorted perception of size due to its construction perspective.
Equal loudness curves graphically illustrate the relationship between loudness and frequency.
The size-distance scaling equation (S = K(R x D)) describes perceived size in relation to physical size and distance.

Color and Reflectance

Reflectance curves depict how surfaces reflect different wavelengths of light; white reflects all wavelengths equally.
Tritanopia is the rarest form of dichromatism, affecting color perception.
The scenario of a tree falling in a forest emphasizes sound as both a physical stimulus and a perceptual experience.

Sound and its Properties

Timbre reflects the quality of sound relating to clarity and texture, distinct from pitch or frequency.
The sound pressure level increases tenfold as decibel levels rise from 40 to 80 dBs, illustrating logarithmic intensity perception.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms and definitions from exp3104 Exam 3. Focus on concepts associated with eye conditions and depth perception to enhance your understanding. Ideal for students preparing for their examination.