Podcast
Questions and Answers
Newton's quote, 'The rays...are not colored', means that _____
Newton's quote, 'The rays...are not colored', means that _____
colors are created by our perceptual system
Nora adapts to a yellow stimulus for about 30 seconds. She will then see an afterimage that appears to be _____
Nora adapts to a yellow stimulus for about 30 seconds. She will then see an afterimage that appears to be _____
Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is _____ than accommodation.
Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is _____ than accommodation.
Opponent neurons found in _____ provide physiological support for the opponent-process theory.
Opponent neurons found in _____ provide physiological support for the opponent-process theory.
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Paint that is mixed is referred to as a(n) _____
Paint that is mixed is referred to as a(n) _____
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Physiological evidence shows that deuteranopes do not have the _____ wavelength cone pigment.
Physiological evidence shows that deuteranopes do not have the _____ wavelength cone pigment.
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Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave.
Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave.
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Which depth cue most influenced Bryce's perception of two men standing at the same distance?
Which depth cue most influenced Bryce's perception of two men standing at the same distance?
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The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue _____
The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue _____
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The absorption curves for honeybee visual pigments are _____
The absorption curves for honeybee visual pigments are _____
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The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is _____ degrees.
The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is _____ degrees.
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The anecdote about the pilot misjudging the size of an object is related to which study?
The anecdote about the pilot misjudging the size of an object is related to which study?
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The basic colors in the color circle are _____
The basic colors in the color circle are _____
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The bending of the cilia of the _____ causes a release of small bursts of neurotransmitter.
The bending of the cilia of the _____ causes a release of small bursts of neurotransmitter.
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The case of 'Mr. I' supports the idea that color is processed in _____
The case of 'Mr. I' supports the idea that color is processed in _____
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The correct order of the ossicles in the middle ear (from ear drum to oval window) is _____
The correct order of the ossicles in the middle ear (from ear drum to oval window) is _____
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The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by _____
The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by _____
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The depth cue of _____ is the most important in the Ponzo (railroad track) illusion.
The depth cue of _____ is the most important in the Ponzo (railroad track) illusion.
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The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in '3-D' movies is _____
The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in '3-D' movies is _____
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The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated checkerboard is a(n) _____
The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated checkerboard is a(n) _____
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The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of _____
The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of _____
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The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to _____
The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to _____
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The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is _____
The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is _____
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The importance of _____ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth.
The importance of _____ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth.
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The key to the Ames Room illusion is that _____
The key to the Ames Room illusion is that _____
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The major theories of color vision were first proposed _____
The major theories of color vision were first proposed _____
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The maximum absorption for the LONG-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.
The maximum absorption for the LONG-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.
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The maximum absorption for the SHORT-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.
The maximum absorption for the SHORT-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.
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The motion of the basilar membrane results in _____.
The motion of the basilar membrane results in _____.
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The neutral point for protonopes is approximately _____ nm.
The neutral point for protonopes is approximately _____ nm.
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The outer ear consists of _____
The outer ear consists of _____
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The pattern of firing of receptor activity in response to red would be _____
The pattern of firing of receptor activity in response to red would be _____
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The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately.
The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately.
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The question 'If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?' is useful because it highlights that 'sound' can be _____
The question 'If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?' is useful because it highlights that 'sound' can be _____
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The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz.
The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz.
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The rarest form of dichromatism is _____
The rarest form of dichromatism is _____
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The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper will reflect _____
The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper will reflect _____
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The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would reflect _____
The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would reflect _____
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The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of _____
The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of _____
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The relationship between loudness and frequency can be shown graphically using _____
The relationship between loudness and frequency can be shown graphically using _____
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The role of the middle ear is _____
The role of the middle ear is _____
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The size-distance scaling equation explains Emmert's Law because _____
The size-distance scaling equation explains Emmert's Law because _____
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The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____
The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____
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The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The 'S' in the equation stands for _____
The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The 'S' in the equation stands for _____
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The sound pressure level increases _____ as the decibel level increases from 40 to 80 dBs.
The sound pressure level increases _____ as the decibel level increases from 40 to 80 dBs.
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The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, 'nasalness' or 'reedy-ness' is _____
The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, 'nasalness' or 'reedy-ness' is _____
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Study Notes
Visual and Depth Perception Concepts
- Strabismus: Condition with uncoordinated eye movements.
- Stereoscopic Depth Perception: Depth perception created from input by both eyes.
- Binocular Disparity: Difference in images received by each eye; leads to stereopsis (impression of depth).
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Depth Cues:
- Familiar Size: Requires known size of objects to judge distance.
- Shadows, Linear Perspective: Cues used for assessing depth.
- Binocular Disparity: Most effective depth cue for infants around four months old.
Auditory Concepts
- Tone Height: Property that correlates increased pitch with increased frequency.
- Fundamental Frequency: A pure tone from which complex tones (harmonics) are derived. Example: 440 Hz foundational tone combined with harmonics (880 Hz, 1320 Hz).
- Echolocation: Bats use this to perceive depth through emitted sounds.
Illusion and Size Constancy
- Müller-Lyer Illusion: Misapplied size constancy scaling leads to perception of lines differing in length based on depth assumptions.
- Apparent-Distance Theory: Moon appears larger near the horizon due to perceived distance differences.
- Size Constancy: More prevalent with multiple depth cues; familiar size is critical when other depth information is absent.
Color Perception
- Color Constancy: Perception of consistent color under varying lighting conditions; works best surrounded by multiple colors.
- Cerebral Achromatopsia: Color experience affected due to brain injury despite normal cone functioning.
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Wavelength and Mixing:
- Minimum of two types of visual pigments necessary for wavelength distinction.
- Mixing paints results in a subtractive color mixture; mixing light results in additive mixture.
Visual Processing and Adaptation
- Chromatic Adaptation: Process by which color perception adjusts; example: perceiving color consistently under different lights.
- Opponent-Process Theory: Supported by physiological evidence found in both retina and LGN; involves color perception through opposing colors.
Important Concepts and Findings
- Neural Mechanisms: Opponent neurons provide evidence for color processing theories, validating psychological models.
- Visual Cues and Perception: Observers utilize various cues (like texture gradient, perspective convergence) for judging object sizes and distances.
- Infants and Depth Perception: Development timeline shows binocular disparity usage improves from around 3.5 to 6 months.
Sound and Hearing
- Sound Intensity: Measured in decibels; very high levels can be felt physically (e.g., 130 dB).
- Hearing Limits of Animals: Certain whistles (30,000-40,000 Hz) are inaudible to humans but can be heard by dogs.
Miscellaneous
- Behavioral Studies: Research on kittens showed neural development in relation to stereopsis and binocular vision.
- Depth via Motion Parallax: Utilized effectively in animated media for creating depth perception illusions.
- Cognition and Visual Experience: Understanding of depth and space illustrated by experiments involving known object sizes influencing perceived distances.### Perception and Depth Cues
- Familiar size influences depth perception, allowing recognition of objects at varying distances based on prior knowledge of their sizes.
- Binocular disparity is a key depth cue, tested effectively through random dot stereograms.
- Perspective convergence is crucial in visual illusions like Ponzo to perceive depth.
Color Vision and Hearing
- Basic colors include red, green, blue, and yellow, foundational to color theory.
- Color processing occurs in a "color center" within the cortex, not just in the retina or LGN.
- Human hearing ranges between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, enabling a wide auditory spectrum.
Auditory and Visual Systems
- The auditory canal enhances sound intensity through resonance, improving perception of certain frequencies.
- The middle ear's muscles dampen ossicle vibrations at high intensities to protect hearing.
- The maximum absorption of long-wavelength cones occurs at 558 nm and short-wavelength cones at 419 nm.
Illusions and Theories
- The Ames Room illusion demonstrates distorted perception of size due to its construction perspective.
- Equal loudness curves graphically illustrate the relationship between loudness and frequency.
- The size-distance scaling equation (S = K(R x D)) describes perceived size in relation to physical size and distance.
Color and Reflectance
- Reflectance curves depict how surfaces reflect different wavelengths of light; white reflects all wavelengths equally.
- Tritanopia is the rarest form of dichromatism, affecting color perception.
- The scenario of a tree falling in a forest emphasizes sound as both a physical stimulus and a perceptual experience.
Sound and its Properties
- Timbre reflects the quality of sound relating to clarity and texture, distinct from pitch or frequency.
- The sound pressure level increases tenfold as decibel levels rise from 40 to 80 dBs, illustrating logarithmic intensity perception.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms and definitions from exp3104 Exam 3. Focus on concepts associated with eye conditions and depth perception to enhance your understanding. Ideal for students preparing for their examination.
