Exotic Animal NAC Management

NAC Management

• A significant number of pathologies in exotic animal medicine are linked to poor feeding and management. Centers should ideally be designed according to each species' needs to minimize animal stress.
• Clinic design includes options like mixed (dogs/cats/exotics) or exclusive exotics clinics, or exotic service hospitals to minimize stress. Waiting rooms should be designed to avoid stress, with dedicated zones for each species, and consultations should be species-specific.
• Equipment includes precision scales (1g), towels, mouth gags, small stethoscopes, species-specific food, and magnifying glasses.
• When the consultation starts with a phone call, advise owners not to clean the cage, especially in birds, so their droppings can be examined to look for any issues; request photos or videos of symptoms, and emphasize that evident illness should not delay the visit; staff must be familiar with different species.
• Examining exotics is particularly dependent on visual exploration and thorough history-taking before animal handling as key questions for the owner help in diagnostics since pathologies arise from poor conditions (poor handling, inadequate diet, neglect). Species knowledge (basic care, handling, nutrition, common diseases) is needed.
• Most of the species are prey species that conceal symptoms; observe before immobilizing/handling (respiratory distress, abnormal postures, aggressiveness needs to be observed).
• Hygeine is important due to zoonotic risks such as Salmonella in reptiles, Encephalitozoon in rabbits, and Psittacosis in birds.
• A stressed bird at a veterinary practice is a sign it’s not in good health, unlike a stressed bird which would commonly stay higher up in branches.
• Rabbits that breathe with an open mouth usually have bad prognosis because it’s atypical for Rabbits to breath with their mouths.
• Reptiles lying down with their heads drooped most likely have bad prognosis.

Management of Bird Species

• Preferably bringing in their own, uncleaned cage or a transport cage is best as it helps observe its behavior in its natural habitat. Veterinarian's precautions: Beaks can cause injury, especially in psittacidae and one should also be aware of their feet.
• For the bird's safety use of wings is to be kept in mind, as well as using the neck with caution and avoid excessive pressure.
• During the first 5-10 minutes of their visit giving the bird time to acclimate to the environment, and time to run through anamnesis is recommended.
• Perches and toys are needed by the bird.
• Dimming or turning off lights can help them relax
• Immobilize the neck first to keep it from getting injured
• Ideally, vets should remove the bird from transport as they are trained to do it.
• Try to handle the bird for less than five minutes
• For psittacidae "parrots" housing basic needs consists of a suitable cage, perches, feeders, waterers, appropriate substrate as bedding, and environmental enrichment (toys, sounds, rotation), to keep the animal busy. The cage/Aviaries also
• Recovery after canipulation should be rapid at 2-3 minutes
• Use of towels to extract and maintain them in grip instead of gloves is recommended.
• If the owner has instructed medicine it's helpful.

Psittacidae Cages

• Sizing has to be at a minimum as to where the bird could stretch its wings 1.5x in all directions.
• Cages should be placed on the wall to minimize safety risks.
• Site selection should be prioritized at heights to avoid kitchens/bedrooms due to intoxications/zoonosis.
• Substrate are best left vegetated and not in contact with feces via grilles.
• Furnishings include perches and toys, swap perches often and make sure toys are safe while avoiding strings that fray and preventing intoxications.
• The photoperiod should be 10-12 hours to give adequate darkness, with play stand and perches present to allow the bird to get time in and with owner.
• Due to its disadvantages, it has Inconveniences such as size, distress (children or other pets) and a dry environment, or no natural light resulting to Lack of entertainment.

Aviaries

• Advantages: Encourage more natural behaviors and natural photoperiod, allowing appropriate social groups to come with enough feeders and waterers, and perches, while being aware of local neighbors (psitaccids are loud) and of potential wild predators including cats and rats.
• Disadvantages: acclimation, greater aggression, disease transmission, theft, bad weather, fewer controls, less manipulation.

Other Avian Accommodations

• Chicken Coops: chicken coops often come with perches for chickens
• Raptors: moulting with perches per species.

Avian Diet

• Dietary variety encompasses, herbivores: seeds, fruits// omnivores// carnivores, but companion parrots ate seeds, and to this day accurate needs are not known in many situations while needs shift; breeding, moulting, disease, development, exercise 20%+ .
• Pipes contain too much fat, but too small in vitamins and proteins.
• Options include mixing with seeds - vegetables and fruits. Extrusion-molded foods are commonly compatible with needs.
• Water: Beak feeders are appropriate in shape and amount, with beaks available 24 Hour.
• Psitacids : seeds alone exclude A, D), HypoCa excess from the fatty base, while an ideal, if tiny food base of the seed, some fruit and the low amount of serious dietary problems.

Psittacida diet

• Should be composed of 50% feed, 25% daily varied fruit and vegetables, 15% carbohydrates/legumes, 5% cereals, and another 5%. Vitamin supplements can cause Intoxication!!!

Methods that may help diet switch

• Feed for 60min 2-3x a day. New diet shared with others.
• Sweet juice use
• Suitable meals can be used to wean chicken in restricted settings.

Diet switch

• Limit the amount of seeds available initially to 50% of the amount that a bird eats daily
• Measure the amount of seed mix placed into the cage each morning.
• after 24, Measure amount of unconsumed seed mixture.
• the initial amt to measure what amt of feed is taken over the 24 hr.
• Avail bird ONLY half this amount each day.
• Put some of it somewhere else and it should be an equal amount.
• Diminish grain over the days.

Non-psitacida food

• Raptors consume carnivoes. Feed passeriformes similarly to seed +/- vegetables Birds' piscivorous fish ( handling). Aquatics receive grains and specialized diets.

Nutritional pathologies

• A Hypovitaminosis A: Rinolites-feather and CNS disturbances.
• Lipoma is steatosis of the liver.
• Hypocalcemia: Cramp
• immunosuppression.
• Diabetes mellitus
• atherosclerosis alters the cardio.
• Dermatopathias and Reproduction
• Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism.

Mammal Handling Notes

• Most common is the ferret, rabbit and guinea-pig, they need a cage but must not be there all day long. Important for ferrets: teeth, nails, good grip, and falls; manipulation;
• Rabbits: lumbar muscles and a delicate anatomy should never collect the way hares are taken from ears – Damages back and of spinal cord.
• Three immobilization strategies:

1. The rabbit's spine is across against chest, holding the back quarters with a finger between
2. On the head is on one side next to the arms and one arm covers the spine.
3. Kebab wrap: Wrap in a towel.

• Cavies and the chinchillas, as with rabbit
• Rodents: " Scruffing" used to handle, but not motionless for ferrets
• Hedgehog: Can be used with the technique of barrow to keep from becoming the ball. All little mammals should be managed for stress.

Rabbit Housing

• Indoor/outdoor, non-Grille soil. A different relaxation zone. Not mineral substrate.
• Have them in pairs, which are social animal and supports low temps, but high temps aren’t good.
• Caution with plants and cables.
• Ferrets: Cages with Multiple floors.
• Daily exercise from 2 hrs a Day.
• The relaxation area must be dark
• There are Intelligent Curiosities such as WC, which must be made from a strong material.
• Chinchillas are tree-based and busy. The minimum number of partners should be at least 2 mx2 mx1m, with cool rest areas of two.
• Other Small Rodents: conditioned

Mammal Diet

• Ferrets strictly require carnivore food: protein > 40% by animal source, fat>20 percent, and carbohydrate +< Fiber. If the badger feed is unable to meet the needs, it appears better to make good cat feed.
• Rabbits: Herbs post-gastric: Fermentation is important. Rapid transit digestion and teeth require lifetime development.
• High need of fiber for the Gl metabolism
• Gastric fermenter post
• Transit quickly -> 17h
• Blind large 40%.
• Elondonta with continual increase: approx. 2 mm/week. Hypsodonta – extended crests and long 12/1 /2 M3/3
• 200 movements / minute

Rabbit composition and diet

• The composition requires 80% hay which can be a 24H substance, << green.
• < A small amount of 0 - 5%)
• Calcium reduction diets: Calcium in vegetable with lower A 24h

Dietary need for Guinea pigs

• requires supplementation on vitamin C every day in order to avoid its scurvy due to loss of Gulunolactone oxidase (we acquire meat and get it from flesh - pepper).
• chinchillas: eat fibre, whereas
• Hamster /Rats /mouses are Omnivores.
• Degus herbivorees and hedgehogs both consume omni/insects.

Physical exmination to check clinical anatomy and Physiology

• It's necessary to have orderly, systematic examinations.

Avian physical exam

• A quick evaluation is needed when dealing with birds.

Bird Notes

• 29 Orders of +10,000 ssp from tiny of 2cm to big of 3meters having varying families, physiological + anatomical distinctions, to say what at smallest level sort of fam is essential.
• Psittaciformes: Parrots; from parakeets to macaws. The birds group together more Numeroulsy.

Avian Notes 2

• For anatomy, we see external, integument, digestive to respiratory anatomy also cardiovascular and urogenital System, all vital organs, and central nerve

Avian clinics external observation.

• Look for signs of disease : dyspnoea – Position-apathy ETC ...The NORMAL: Position of alert – Feathers and wings of body - The ABNORMAL: ball and the floor cage- odd behaviors , feathers to die, Fast breath etc. the can’t pick up or inmobilize - you can drop dead in hands , So still see if need any inmobilization or still secure for the animal The Brain, Eye Crest and Forehead Billor Beak and Cereor Nostril Ear Coverts Neck crop The Neck Beak Shoulder Back

Avian inspection

• Malformations, overgrowth or symmetry for the bill and mouth need be addressed with glotis which has No epiglottis. Tongue and Coanas and papilalae are all to be analyzed: Mass, erosion secretions.
• Head should contain. Ranfoteca→ Rinoteca and gnatotheca, Adaptations in each diet depending of living for example Language Psitacidas hold.
• Eyes can consist of the examination which magnifies pupil funds with conjunctiva ( membranes).
• The Nostril that are clean, and not secreting the Cere( structure before which is clean and easily visible dimorphism in color.

Physical Exam Notes

• Listen the audibility has the size before, but often the smaller size is less efficient in both lungs before any heart issues
• Respiration with dyspnea, or sound, The system can lead to cardiac or dysrhythmia, although the heart can't be properly observed. Airsac that is interclacicular The Pulmonary sac is the one that is near it while Cervicals are just above it

Cardiovascular Notes

• Most efficient Intermittent regulation of wastes + oxygen
• Numbered by four and Nucleate GR Cardiac 500 Lpm – colibri - 1200 Lpm /exercise Or canary - 795

Notes on Integuments

• The skin is thin dry but white, low in nerves and low in symptoms it can cause without the loss of blood for example, while consisting of epidermis for a derma as an external membrane ( modified epiderm) the no sweats. Plumes have from 1000 to 25000 It's epidermis Formed is there're any living minerals to check which each section.

Feathers

• Feather section consists of Pteriles, for what is the form Depends of a normal year or the summer that are taken through psitalds are able on the feathers they shed.
• There is no known amount of plummage on feathers there are various Lesions on feahers like quill deposits and aberrant shades.

Musculoskeletal Notes

• Complex Shoulder /breast important and skeletal attachments exist as clavicle + Coracides all joining across a keel for flight is also the point to place injectable Muscle pectorials/ state dietary supplement IM injns. Flight requires Weight down and therefore Pneumatic Bone that communicate thru resp- system, so don -use Intra-bone route on this. 1 - fused Bone Vértebas consist of varying amta cervical, 46 coxo vertebrae –Carpometacorpo bones merged.

Respiratory details

• Flight must be powerful musculature with heightened oxygen need -Via HIGH Narices with interceding connective - Cera + transitional with nose izq // Cierre incompletes to maxilla The pharinges – variable as variable by species. A syringe is for sound no vocal strings which has not a diaphgrams a single coelemia is a respiration thru contraction / Muscles which are thoraics , rib-like that are on care or the birds die and have difficulty. -Pulmon is just 11 % for resp system only -> No expendables.
• Airsacs as the extra pulmonations to keep the rate from being high Decrese weight Continuity- flow for O2 Impire or expire on transfer

Diagram - Respiratory System Notes

• Inhale to Caudals, exhale to pulm To to cranials second inspiration Inhale to Caudals exhale

cardiovascular

• high oxygen exchange with very high waste removal and high thermal regulation while Heart contains four cavities with GR as nucleated Measure pressure before 12mm Hgh

Digestivo notes

• Left has Proventriucle, ventricular muscle and to egagropila birds the vomit out what is left of it after digestion. (Indicates what may have died during extraction with high level.

###Urogenital notes

• The Male system's Porta is found ventrally. They may not have any penetration or penile and minimal fluid capacity, no urethra and Urets from cloaca. Has its upper gland under base of its tails,

###Female

• The oviducto have formation of the ovaries from infundibullis magnum (Isthmus ampulla uteru .and vagina

Diurnal birds > Cones or nocturnes ones > batons . Coloumbine : little view for how shallow

Small mammal common illness details

FERRETS Bact agentes ( Helicobacter and Mycobacterium ) , as virus agent ->Morbillo/Rabies, Influenza. Aletas and fungi like Cyptococcus.

Helycobacter Piloris

• The agent is curced by morphology in its sprial path with Alta prevalence and a lower symptom presence located.
• Is to spread oroffecally, that digets into the body where the cytocixing affect cell or mucus. membranes The illness with stomach inflame the lymphoplasmocytic is also stress, diet and pathology

Morbillo etiologies and epidemiology

• is a dog Virus transmitted aerosol and formites that have reservoir from a canniine or ravens with its incubation from 7 to 10

The Disease for rabbit is mixomato

• Its spread aerolicly and there's HIGH reaction with a virus + antigen equals complex to inmumo and clinic has hyppergammaglobulinemia

Wuolah: