Exercise Science Overview

VO2 = The volume of oxygen body consumes at a given point Cardiac Output = The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute VO2 MAX = Maximal oxygen consumption during exercise a-v O2 difference = The difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood

Radiation = Heat leaving from the blood in the skin Sweating = Causes evaporation which cools the body Convection = Heat loss caused by moving air, like a fan Conduction = Heat loss from contact with a cold surface

Absolute VO2 = Expressed in L/min Relative VO2 = Expressed in ml/kg/min Average a-v O2 difference at rest = 5 ml per 100 ml of blood Average a-v O2 difference during exercise = 15-20 ml per 100 ml of blood

<p>Acute response = Increase in blood flow to working muscles Chronic response = Increase in capillary density Blood plasma volume increase = More plasma proteins present Smaller blood vessel diameter = Causes slower blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscles = 73% of blood during activity Skin = 11% of blood during activity Brain = Stays approximately the same Lungs = Handles gas exchange and remains consistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic = Fast ATP production, low yield Aerobic = Delayed production, high yield Phosphagen system = ATP production occurs in skeletal muscles Glycolysis = Produces pyruvate and lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creatine kinase = Transfers phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP Lactate = Can be converted back to glucose in the liver Hydrogen ions = Can increase acidity inside the cell ATP = Necessary for muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steady-state = Energy needs met by energy produced EPOC = Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption Resting VO2 = Oxygen consumption at rest Krebs Cycle = Pathway in aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise science = A theory-based, research-led discipline studying physiological aspects of exercise Exercise physiology = Focus on the body's responses and adaptations to physical activity Biomechanics = Study of movement in clinical and sports performance contexts Nutrition = Guidance on what to eat to enhance exercise performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical activity = Activities of daily living including all human movements Exercise = Structured movement aimed at improving fitness and performance Sport = Competitive physical activity involving skills and competition Clinical exercise physiology = Focus on special populations with specific health concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic metabolism = Occurs in the cytosol Aerobic metabolism = Occurs in the mitochondria Glycolysis = Takes place in the cytosol Electron transport chain = Occurs in the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 MET = Equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed at rest 3 MET = Moderate-intensity activity consuming 3 times more oxygen than at rest 6 MET = Higher moderate-intensity activities leading to greater oxygen consumption 15 MET = High-intensity activities, significant oxygen demand beyond moderate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose = Used in both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism Fatty acids = Substrate in aerobic metabolism Amino acids = Substrate in aerobic pathways Creatine phosphate = Used in the phosphagen system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overload = Stress the body system to adapt and improve performance Progression = Gradually increasing intensity or load over time Specificity = Adaptations are specific to the stress applied Reversibility = Loss of fitness adaptations when activity is reduced or stopped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphagen = Up to 10 seconds Anaerobic = 30 seconds to 2 minutes Aerobic = Long-term workouts Creatine phosphate = Stored in skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical activity = Decreased risk of diseases and early death Regular exercise = Improves fitness and day-to-day functioning Nutrition = Supports exercise recovery and performance Stress adaptation = Enhances overall physical fitness and endurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid ATP production = Short duration energy Lactic acid production = Results in hydrogen ions buildup Pyruvate creation = Intermediate in anaerobic glycolysis Glycogen utilization = Source of glucose for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breathing heavily = Sign of EPOC 24 hours = Duration of potential elevated oxygen consumption Restoration phase = Recovery after maximum effort 0.2 liters a minute = Resting VO2 rate at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative VO2 = Oxygen consumption in relation to body weight at rest Absolute VO2 = Total oxygen consumption per minute, regardless of body weight Moderate-intensity activity = Activity requiring 3-6 METs of oxygen consumption MET-minutes = Measurement of physical activity intensity calculated by MET value and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physically fit = Ability to perform daily activities without fatigue Adaptation = Body's response to stress or exercise Intensity = Level of effort put into physical activity Training = Structured process aimed at improving physical abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improving cardiovascular endurance = Engaging in aerobic activities like running Increasing muscle strength = Performing resistance exercises like weight lifting Enhancing flexibility = Incorporating stretching routines Building stamina = Participating in prolonged physical activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central fatigue = Originates at the central nervous system, decreasing neural drive to muscles Peripheral fatigue = Changes at or distal to the neuromuscular junction Muscle fatigue = Decrease in maximal force in response to contractile activity Hypoxia = Low blood oxygen carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma = Liquid component of blood containing water and solutes Red blood cells = Transport oxygen, binding to hemoglobin White blood cells = Part of the immune system, help stop bleeding Hematocrit = Percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport = Delivers proteins, nutrients, hormones, and heat Regulation = Maintains body temperature and hormone levels Protection = Involves white blood cells in immune response Clotting = Involves platelets to prevent excessive bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate = Number of times the heart beats per minute Stroke volume = Amount of blood ejected from the ventricles per beat Cardiac output = Volume of blood ejected from the heart each minute Average resting heart rate = Typically between 60-80 BPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension = Increased blood pressure Renal damage = Kidney dysfunction due to high blood viscosity Stroke = Could lead to sudden loss of brain function Swelling = Increased pressure in blood vessels leading to edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute adaptations = Short-lived changes observed during exercise Chronic adaptations = Long-term changes resulting from regular exercise Increased resting heart rate = Not typical after training Lower resting heart rate = Common with improved cardiovascular fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries = Transport blood away from the heart Veins = Transport blood to the heart Capillaries = Site of nutrient exchange due to thin walls Venules = Small vessels collecting blood from capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low hematocrit = Low rate of delivering oxygen to tissues High hematocrit = High rate of delivering oxygen to tissues Blood doping = Method to boost hematocrit rate Renal damage = Potential risk of excessive hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers