Exercise Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes acute exercise?

Low intensity exercise lasting for several hours.

Consistent training schedules with long recovery periods.

Multiple bouts over weeks or months.

A single bout of a type of exercise. (correct)

Which of the following best describes chronic exercise?

Long duration cycling with short recovery.

Non-structured, low-intensity activities.

Repeated bouts of exercise over a period of time. (correct)

Single high-intensity workout.

What is the primary energy supply during steady-state exercise?

Lactic acid fermentation.

Phosphocreatine breakdown.

Anaerobic metabolism.

Oxidative phosphorylation. (correct)

In the context of exercise testing, how does an incremental/progressive exercise test function?

Exercise intensity increases according to a set protocol. Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a valve is open or closed in the cardiovascular system?

The pressure difference across the valve. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily enhances venous return during exercise through mechanical means?

Skeletal muscle pump Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inspiration have on venous return during exercise?

It lowers thoracic pressure and elevates abdominal pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of veins that contributes to their role as capacitance vessels?

Compliance of the walls that allows them to contain large volumes Signup and view all the answers

During rhythmic, dynamic exercise, why is venous return enhanced?

Continuous contraction of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily operates when skeletal muscles contract to aid venous return?

One-way valves in veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of SNS stimulation on vascular smooth muscle?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT determine protein activity?

Voluntary muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT part of the troponin complex?

Troponin A Signup and view all the answers

Which ion's concentration gradient influences the membrane potential at rest?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tropomyosin during muscle contraction?

Inhibits myosin binding Signup and view all the answers

What defines the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Filaments of fixed lengths slide past each other Signup and view all the answers

How is the activity of proteins typically altered?

Through chronic changes Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle component serves as the major site for glucose storage?

Glycogen within muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

How many light chains are associated with one myosin molecule?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an action potential reaches the axon terminal in muscle cells?

Calcium channels open Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of blood flow being steady during a 50% MVC contraction?

Sustained muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

After a 50% MVC contraction, what occurs during recovery regarding metabolites?

Metabolites decrementally decrease in concentration Signup and view all the answers

What happens to total peripheral resistance (TPR) during isometric exercise?

TPR increases despite metabolic vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT determine the magnitude of adaptation in VO2 max?

Personal motivation Signup and view all the answers

At a work rate of 100W, what remains unchanged pre-training vs. post-training?

VO2 required for the absolute work rate Signup and view all the answers

What effect does endurance training have on VO2 max?

It has variable effects based on initial fitness levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of adaptation to endurance training?

Dietary changes Signup and view all the answers

How does endurance training affect the cardiovascular response to steady-state exercise?

It enhances the efficiency of O2 utilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of a resistance exercise set?

10-15 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which energy pathway is primarily utilized during resistance exercise?

Anaerobic sources Signup and view all the answers

What role does the valsalva maneuver have during resistance exercise?

Increases arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

During the recovery phase after exercise, how is blood flow characterized?

Low and steady due to no muscle contractions Signup and view all the answers

During dynamic exercise, how does blood flow change in response to metabolic demand?

Blood flow increases in proportion to intensity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flow during isometric contractions at both 5% and 50% MVC?

Remains low and steady Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for low blood flow during the rest phase?

Low O2 and ATP demand Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological response is expected when lifting heavy weights?

Increased thoracic pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does aerobic training affect skeletal muscle blood flow?

It increases skeletal muscle blood flow by increasing capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

What role does capillary tortuosity play in oxygen diffusion during training?

It prevents rapid transit times of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason maximal (a-v)O2 is maintained despite endurance training?

No change in capillary tortuosity. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does endurance training have on fat utilization during exercise?

It increases fat oxidative capacity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tight and loose metabolic control in trained vs. untrained athletes?

Tight control shows minimal change in metabolic concentrations despite varied demands. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected change in ADP levels during exercise in trained athletes compared to untrained athletes?

ADP levels are lower due to increased mitochondrial numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood lactate accumulation as a result of endurance training?

It decreases due to improved lactate clearance. Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of increased mitochondrial density as a result of endurance training?

Increased ATP production efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exercise Types

Acute exercise: A single bout of exercise, such as a 60-minute bike ride. Aerobic or endurance exercise can be supramaximal, like sprinting. High-intensity intervals (HIIT) involve 80% or above heart rate. Resistance exercise creates a greater mechanical load on muscles than daily activities.
Chronic exercise: Repeated bouts of exercise over a period, from weeks to months. Aerobic or endurance exercise is often repeated every 12-24 hours. Examples include supramaximal intervals with low intensity periods (SIT) and high intensity intervals with low intensity periods (HITT)
Incremental/progressive exercise test: A test where exercise intensity increases over time.

Exercise Tests/Measurements

Steady-state: Moderate intensity exercise where lactic acid removal by oxidation keeps pace with production. Oxidation phosphorylation is the primary ATP supply, during this test the work rate is set and maintained.
Interval/intermittent exercise: Periods of exercise separated by periods of rest. The duration of periods of exercise and rest are predefined.
Absolute value: A value that has been normalized to a specific standard unit.
Relative value: A value that has been normalized to a specific known value for an individual (such as VO2 max)

The Cardiovascular System

Heart (as a pump): The heart works as two pumps that work in different phases: left and right circuits. Cardiomyocytes make up the bulk of the myocardium. Pressure differences determine the opening/closing of valves; the heart creates energy that is used for blood flow from high to low pressure.
Cardiac Cycle: Pumping action that repeats continuously: atria (first) and ventricles (second) contract and relax out of phase. The sequence of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation). Systole and diastole are 0.3 and 0.5 seconds respectively at rest, and 0.33 seconds in heavy exercise.
Pulmonary and Systematic Circulation: The circulatory system has two distinct networks (arterial and venous), with each network having higher and lower pressure areas respectively.
Blood Pressure: Systolic blood pressure (pressure during contraction) and diastolic blood pressure (pressure during relaxation) are measured in mm Hg. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and is a time-averaged blood pressure measurement for an entire cycle.
Blood Vessels: different sized blood vessels, from the aorta to capillaries and veins have different functions and diameters. Vessel wall components.
Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance a fluid has to flow, this is determined by hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells). Blood viscosity impacts how quickly red blood cells move.
Blood Vessel Size and Function: Different types of blood vessels are distinguished by their size and function (ex: Aorta, large arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins).

Oxygen Consumption

VO2: The rate at which the body utilizes oxygen in a given time period.
VCO2: The amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body.
RER (Respiratory exchange ratio): Calculated as the ratio of VCO2 and VO2. It reflects the composition of fuels used for energy production. The ratio can be used to estimate fuel use, but is not accurate immediately at the beginning of exercise and following exercise.

Muscle Physiology

Muscle Fiber Types: Slow twitch (Type I) fibers, fast twitch type 2A and 2B fibers have different characteristics e.g metabolic rate, size, and resistance to fatigue and are recruited in a different order during exercise.
Muscle Anatomy: Myofibrils, muscle fibers and fascicles.
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament theory: overlapping thick and thin filaments slide past each other to cause force production which is an energy dependent process,
Cross-bridge cycle: The cycle of events leading to muscle contraction (ATP binding, hydrolysis , pi release, power stroke, ADP release, rigor state)).
Diffusion: The movement of molecules through a medium from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (factors influencing diffusion include the difference in concentrations of molecules, and the surface area for the exchange, of the molecules)
Excitation–contraction coupling: A series of events triggered by a nerve impulse that causes muscle contraction: membrane potential, sarcolemma permeability to specific ions, voltage gated channels open, calcium release, actin and myosin interaction.

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Description

Test your knowledge on exercise physiology with questions about acute and chronic exercise, cardiovascular responses, and muscle function. This quiz covers key concepts that are essential for understanding the body’s adaptations during various forms of exercise.