Exercise Physiology Quiz

<p>Exercise intensity increases according to a set protocol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure difference across the valve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle pump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lowers thoracic pressure and elevates abdominal pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compliance of the walls that allows them to contain large volumes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous contraction of skeletal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-way valves in veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Troponin A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits myosin binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filaments of fixed lengths slide past each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through chronic changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen within muscle fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium channels open (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolites decrementally decrease in concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TPR increases despite metabolic vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VO2 required for the absolute work rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has variable effects based on initial fitness levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the efficiency of O2 utilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-15 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases arterial blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low and steady due to no muscle contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow increases in proportion to intensity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remains low and steady (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low O2 and ATP demand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased thoracic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases skeletal muscle blood flow by increasing capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents rapid transit times of red blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No change in capillary tortuosity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases fat oxidative capacity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tight control shows minimal change in metabolic concentrations despite varied demands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP levels are lower due to increased mitochondrial numbers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases due to improved lactate clearance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ATP production efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single bout of exercise.

Repeated exercise bouts over time.

Gradual increase in exercise intensity following a specific protocol.

Moderate intensity exercise where lactic acid removal matches production, relying on oxidation for ATP.

The main cells that make up the heart muscle.

The ability of the heart to contract more forcefully when its muscle fibers are stretched, as occurs when the ventricles fill with blood.

The amount of blood returning to the heart from the veins.

The narrowing of veins, caused by contraction of smooth muscle in their walls, which helps increase venous return.

A mechanical mechanism that helps increase venous return during exercise by squeezing blood through the veins.

A mechanical mechanism that helps increase venous return by creating pressure changes in the chest cavity during breathing.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on vascular smooth muscle generally leads to vasoconstriction, narrowing of blood vessels.

Metabolic byproducts, like lactate, CO2, and H+, are produced during muscle activity and accumulate in the interstitial fluid (ISF).

The concentration of metabolites in the ISF is proportional to the metabolic rate, and a higher concentration triggers local vasodilation.

Closely related proteins with nearly identical amino acid sequences and similar biological functions.

The speed at which a protein performs its function, often referred to as enzyme activity.

Long-term adjustments in protein activity involve changes in protein expression, protein interactions, phosphorylation, redox modifications, and allosteric modifiers.

Muscle contraction involves the sliding filament theory, where thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments slide past each other, shortening the muscle.

The process by which a nerve impulse (action potential) triggers muscle contraction. It involves changes in membrane potential and the release of calcium ions.

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin are three key proteins found in thin filaments, responsible for muscle contraction mechanics.

Multiple aspects influence the effectiveness of resistance exercise. These include muscle mass involved, intensity measured as a percentage of 1RM, exercise format (circuit or consecutive), exercise tempo, rest intervals, number of sets, and repetitions.

Anaerobic pathways, including stored ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) breakdown, and glycolysis, are the primary energy sources during resistance exercise. They provide rapid ATP for short, intense bursts of activity.

Oxidative phosphorylation becomes the dominant energy source during recovery from resistance exercise, replenishing ATP and reducing the oxygen debt.

A forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, often instinctively performed during intense resistance exercise. It increases arterial blood pressure by compressing the heart and blood vessels.

Blood flow is phasic during resistance exercise, meaning it fluctuates in a rhythmic pattern due to the alternating contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles.

Blood flow is low and steady at rest. This is because the metabolic demand for oxygen and ATP is minimal, and there's no muscle contraction.

Blood flow gradually decreases during recovery as metabolites from exercise dissipate. This is because oxygen demand decreases and muscle contractions cease.

Isometric contractions, where muscle length remains constant, affect blood flow differently depending on intensity. Low intensity contractions have steady blood flow, while high intensity contractions may lead to complete occlusion of microvasculature.

The winding and twisting path of capillaries, becoming more pronounced after endurance training.

The difference in oxygen concentration between arterial blood and venous blood at maximal exercise intensity.

Changes in the lungs due to endurance training, such as increased capacity for oxygen uptake and diffusion.

Stable levels of energy molecules (ATP, ADP, PCr, Pi) during exercise, seen in trained individuals.

Significant fluctuations in energy molecule levels during exercise, observed in untrained individuals.

The rate at which ADP is transported into mitochondria for ATP production, doubled in trained individuals.

Improved substrate utilization, enhanced fat oxidation, and reduced reliance on carbohydrates for energy production.

The underlying processes responsible for changes in substrate utilization and metabolic control due to endurance training.

Blood flow changes during exercise are influenced by metabolic demands and muscular activity. During steady-state exercise, blood flow increases to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. During recovery, blood flow remains elevated to clear metabolic byproducts.

At 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), blood flow remains relatively stable during exercise because the sustained contraction keeps blood flow consistent. However, during recovery, a large increase in blood flow occurs to clear accumulated metabolites.

At 5% MVC, blood flow steadily decreases during recovery as the concentration of metabolites in the interstitial fluid (ISF) slowly declines. Blood flow is consistent during the exercise phase due to the lack of muscle contractions.

During isometric contractions, total peripheral resistance (TPR) increases despite vasodilation in active muscles. This is because muscle contractions compress blood vessels, hindering blood flow even at low intensity.

Endurance training involves adjusting the frequency, intensity, time, type, volume, and progression of your workouts to improve your fitness. These adjustments help your body adapt to the demands of exercise.

Endurance training increases VO2 max, reflecting an improved ability to deliver and use oxygen. This increase can be attributed to improvements in heart rate, stroke volume, and oxygen extraction.

Genetic factors and initial training status limit the magnitude of VO2 max adaptation. Everyone has a physiological ceiling beyond which further training does not lead to significant improvements.

Endurance training modifies the cardiovascular and metabolic response to exercise. At the onset of exercise, these responses tend to be quicker and more efficient. During steady-state exercise, the body becomes more adept at utilizing oxygen and producing energy.