55 Questions
What effect does increasing exercise duration have on the percentage of energy from fat oxidation?
It increases
What inhibits the Carnitine system, which transports fats into mitochondria?
Falling pH at high intensities
What provides oxaloacetate to allow beta oxidation to keep running?
Glucose metabolism
What does the regulation of metabolic flux depend on?
Energy charge, NADH:NAD, and enzyme effectors
During which process is the bulk of ATP production happening?
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
What is the primary fuel used during high-intensity exercise?
Carbohydrates
What stimulates the breakdown of fat for energy use at different exercise intensities and durations?
Glucagon
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the main source of energy for lower intensity, longer duration exercise?
Fats
What is the result of high rate of glycolysis?
Formation of lactic acid
What provides the energy for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production?
NADH and FADH2
What is the purpose of the Cori cycle?
To convert lactic acid back to glucose
What does beta-oxidation do to long chain fatty acids?
Cuts into acetyl-CoA units
What is the ATP yield from NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?
NADH: $3$ ATP, FADH2: $2$ ATP
What is the primary function of lactic acid in the body?
Energy production
What is the main function of enzymes in cellular respiration?
Catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Where is ATP synthesized anaerobically?
Through glycolysis
What is the main function of high energy phosphate systems during exercise?
Sustain maximal exercise for about 10 seconds without replenishment
Which macronutrient can generate ATP without oxygen?
Carbohydrates
Where does glycolysis produce 2 net ATP?
In the cytosol
What happens when glycolysis outpaces the electron transport chain's ability to process NADH?
Lactate is formed
Where does most ATP production occur in cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What allows cells to rapidly change their ATP:ADP ratio?
Maintaining a small ATP pool
What is the main function of the electron transport chain?
Produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Which metabolic pathway involves the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
Krebs cycle
What factors can affect substrate utilization during exercise?
Nutrition, fitness level, exercise intensity and duration
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Mitochondria
What factors can enhance free fatty acid use in skeletal muscle mitochondria?
Increased adipose tissue lipolysis, capillary density, fatty acid transporters, and mitochondrial content/enzymes
What inhibits the Carnitine system, which transports fats into mitochondria?
Falling pH at high intensities
What provides oxaloacetate to allow beta oxidation to keep running?
Glucose metabolism
What factors does the regulation of metabolic flux depend on?
Energy charge, NADH:NAD, and enzyme effectors
What is the total ATP production from a triglyceride molecule with 3 fatty acids?
460 ATP
Where does the bulk of ATP production occur in cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the primary fuel used during high-intensity exercise?
Muscle glycogen
What is the main function of lactic acid in the body?
Can be recycled for energy
What is the main source of energy for lower intensity, longer duration exercise?
Fat
What is the ATP yield from NADH in the electron transport chain?
3 ATP
What is the main function of the Cori cycle?
To convert lactic acid back to glucose
What is the main function of the electron transport chain?
ATP production
What stimulates the breakdown of fat for energy use at different exercise intensities and durations?
Epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the result of high rate of glycolysis?
Lactic acid formation
What provides the energy for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production?
NADH and FADH2
What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis in the cytosol?
2 ATP
During which process is lactate formed?
When glycolysis outpaces the electron transport chain's ability to process NADH
What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?
To oxidize acetyl-CoA and produce NADH and FADH2
Where is ATP synthesized anaerobically?
In the cytosol
What is the main function of high energy phosphate systems during exercise?
To sustain maximal exercise for about 10 seconds without replenishment
Which macronutrient is the only one that can generate ATP without oxygen?
Carbohydrates
What stimulates the breakdown of fat for energy use at different exercise intensities and durations?
Increased ATP:ADP ratio
Where does the majority of ATP production occur in cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the primary source of energy for lower intensity, longer duration exercise?
Fats
How do enzymes contribute to cellular respiration?
By lowering activation energy and catalyzing chemical reactions
What allows cells to rapidly change their ATP:ADP ratio?
Small ATP pool
What is the primary function of the Cori cycle?
To shuttle lactate from muscle to the liver for gluconeogenesis
Study Notes
Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism Overview
- Lecture covers cellular respiration, metabolism and exercise nutrition recommendations
- Energy is transformed between different forms, not created or destroyed
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
- ATP is synthesized anaerobically through glycolysis and aerobically in the mitochondria
- Cells maintain a small ATP pool allowing rapid changes in ATP:ADP ratio, signaling increased metabolism
- High energy phosphate systems could sustain maximal exercise for about 10 seconds without replenishment
- Lecture discusses carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, and lactate formation
- Carbs are the only macronutrient that can generate ATP without oxygen
- Glycolysis produces 2 net ATP in the cytosol, most ATP comes from reactions in the mitochondria
- Lactate is formed when glycolysis outpaces the electron transport chain's ability to process NADH
- Lecture covers glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and effects of nutrition, fitness level, exercise intensity and duration on substrate utilization
- Analogies and schematics are used to explain biochemical pathways and processes
Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism Overview
- Lecture covers cellular respiration, metabolism and exercise nutrition recommendations
- Energy is transformed between different forms, not created or destroyed
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
- ATP is synthesized anaerobically through glycolysis and aerobically in the mitochondria
- Cells maintain a small ATP pool allowing rapid changes in ATP:ADP ratio, signaling increased metabolism
- High energy phosphate systems could sustain maximal exercise for about 10 seconds without replenishment
- Lecture discusses carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, and lactate formation
- Carbs are the only macronutrient that can generate ATP without oxygen
- Glycolysis produces 2 net ATP in the cytosol, most ATP comes from reactions in the mitochondria
- Lactate is formed when glycolysis outpaces the electron transport chain's ability to process NADH
- Lecture covers glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and effects of nutrition, fitness level, exercise intensity and duration on substrate utilization
- Analogies and schematics are used to explain biochemical pathways and processes
Test your knowledge of exercise nutrition and metabolism with this quiz covering cellular respiration, energy transformation, ATP synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, and the effects of nutrition and exercise on substrate utilization.
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