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Questions and Answers
What is the primary energy source for high-intensity exercise?
What is the primary energy source for high-intensity exercise?
What type of muscle fatigue occurs at the central nervous system level?
What type of muscle fatigue occurs at the central nervous system level?
What is the primary purpose of the Live High, Train Low (LHTL) model?
What is the primary purpose of the Live High, Train Low (LHTL) model?
What is the result of increased buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise?
What is the result of increased buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise?
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What causes muscle exhaustion?
What causes muscle exhaustion?
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What is the primary adaptation to high altitude training?
What is the primary adaptation to high altitude training?
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What is the immediate energy system used for high-intensity, short-duration activities?
What is the immediate energy system used for high-intensity, short-duration activities?
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What is the result of acclimatization to high altitude?
What is the result of acclimatization to high altitude?
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What is the primary function of motivation in sports psychology?
What is the primary function of motivation in sports psychology?
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What is the term for the pattern of movement of an object under the influence of gravity, such as a thrown ball?
What is the term for the pattern of movement of an object under the influence of gravity, such as a thrown ball?
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Which nutrient is essential for the production of ATP during high-intensity exercises?
Which nutrient is essential for the production of ATP during high-intensity exercises?
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What is the term for the evaluation of food products to ensure they meet quality standards?
What is the term for the evaluation of food products to ensure they meet quality standards?
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Which psychological disorder is characterized by excessive and persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness?
Which psychological disorder is characterized by excessive and persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness?
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What is the term for the science of human behavior and mental processes?
What is the term for the science of human behavior and mental processes?
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What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and behavior of the human body?
What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and behavior of the human body?
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What is the term for the process of adapting to changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis?
What is the term for the process of adapting to changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis?
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What is the primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is the primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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What is the result of the electron transfer system in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the result of the electron transfer system in oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?
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What is the process by which cells regulate glucose levels?
What is the process by which cells regulate glucose levels?
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What is the result of chromosomal aberrations?
What is the result of chromosomal aberrations?
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What is the primary function of the muscular system?
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
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What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
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What is the primary function of the nervous system during exercise?
What is the primary function of the nervous system during exercise?
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Study Notes
Exercise Metabolism
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Energy Systems:
- ATP-PC (Immediate Energy System): provides energy for high-intensity, short-duration activities (<30s)
- Anaerobic Glycolysis (Non-Oxidative Energy System): provides energy for high-intensity, short-duration activities (30s-2min)
- Aerobic Oxidative Energy System: provides energy for low-intensity, long-duration activities (>2min)
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Energy Sources:
- Carbohydrates (CHO): primary energy source for high-intensity exercise
- Fats (FAT): primary energy source for low-intensity exercise
- Protein (PRO): minor energy source, primarily used during prolonged exercise
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Exercise Intensity and Metabolism:
- High-intensity exercise: relies heavily on CHO and ATP-PC
- Low-intensity exercise: relies heavily on FAT and aerobic oxidative energy system
Muscle Fatigue
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Definitions:
- Muscle fatigue: decline in muscle force or velocity during exercise
- Muscle exhaustion: complete inability to generate force
-
Causes of Muscle Fatigue:
- Depletion of energy stores (ATP, PCr, glycogen)
- Accumulation of metabolic byproducts (lactate, potassium)
- Neurological factors (central fatigue, motor unit recruitment)
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Types of Muscle Fatigue:
- Peripheral fatigue: fatigue occurring at the muscle level
- Central fatigue: fatigue occurring at the central nervous system level
Altitude Training
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Physiological Adaptations:
- Increased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration
- Increased myoglobin concentration in muscles
- Increased buffering capacity to combat acidosis
- Increased mitochondrial density and aerobic enzyme activity
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Acclimatization:
- Initial decline in exercise performance due to hypoxia
- Gradual improvement in exercise performance as body adapts to high altitude
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Live High, Train Low (LHTL) Model:
- Live at high altitude (>2500m) to induce physiological adaptations
- Train at low altitude (<1500m) to maintain high-intensity training
Cardiovascular Adaptation
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Chronic Exercise Adaptations:
- Increased cardiac output (stroke volume and heart rate)
- Increased plasma volume and total blood volume
- Improved cardiovascular efficiency and exercise economy
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Cardiovascular Drift:
- Gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise due to dehydration and increasing body temperature
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Exercise-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy:
- Increase in left ventricular size and wall thickness in response to chronic exercise
Heat Acclimation
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Physiological Adaptations:
- Increased sweating rate and sweat gland activity
- Decreased sweat sodium concentration
- Increased plasma volume and total blood volume
- Improved cardiovascular efficiency and exercise economy
-
Acclimatization Process:
- Initial heat shock response and decreased exercise performance
- Gradual improvement in exercise performance as body adapts to heat stress
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Heat Acclimation Protocols:
- Short-term acclimation (5-7 days): rapid adaptation to heat stress
- Long-term acclimation (14-28 days): more pronounced adaptations to heat stress
Exercise Metabolism
- Energy for high-intensity, short-duration activities (≤ 2min) is provided by the ATP-PC system.
- Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for high-intensity exercise.
- Fats are the primary energy source for low-intensity exercise.
- Protein is a minor energy source, primarily used during prolonged exercise.
Exercise Intensity and Metabolism
- High-intensity exercise relies heavily on carbohydrates and the ATP-PC system.
- Low-intensity exercise relies heavily on fats and the aerobic oxidative energy system.
Muscle Fatigue
- Muscle fatigue is a decline in muscle force or velocity during exercise.
- Muscle exhaustion is the complete inability to generate force.
- Causes of muscle fatigue include depletion of energy stores, accumulation of metabolic byproducts, and neurological factors.
- Peripheral fatigue occurs at the muscle level, while central fatigue occurs at the central nervous system level.
Altitude Training
- Physiological adaptations to high altitude include increased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration.
- Myoglobin concentration in muscles increases, allowing for more efficient oxygen supply.
- Buffering capacity increases to combat acidosis.
- Mitochondrial density and aerobic enzyme activity increase, enhancing oxygen utilization.
- Acclimatization to high altitude involves an initial decline in exercise performance, followed by gradual improvement as the body adapts.
- The Live High, Train Low (LHTL) model involves living at high altitude (>2500m) to induce physiological adaptations, and training at low altitude to maintain exercise performance.
Sports Physiology
- Cellular Physiology: study of cellular processes and functions
- Exercise and Energy Metabolism: energy systems, macronutrients, micronutrients, and water
- Blood, Body fluids, and Endocrinology: functions of blood, body fluids, and endocrine system
- Exercise and Muscular System: classification of muscle, physiological anatomy, motor unit, and all-or-none law
- Muscular adaptations in response to training
- Exercise and Cardiovascular System: basic anatomy, cardiac output, and cardiac cycle
- Exercise and Respiratory System: physiological anatomy, internal and external respiration
- Exercise and Nervous System: types, components, and functions of nervous system, neuron, and synaptic junction
- Exercise and Thermoregulation: mechanisms of heat exchange, hypo- and hyperthermia
Sports Biochemistry
- Structure and Function: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fatty acids, lipids, and enzymes
- Bioenergetics: energy transformation and ATP production
- Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
- Gluconeogenesis: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway: synthesis of NADPH and pentoses
- Citric Acid Cycle: breakdown of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2
- Electron Transfer System: generation of ATP through electron transport
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
- Metabolic Regulation: regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism
- Lipid Biosynthesis: synthesis of fatty acids and lipids
- Fatty Acid Catabolism: breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP
- Biosynthesis: synthesis of biomolecules
- Oxidation and Production of Urea: breakdown of amino acids and production of urea
Sports Biomechanics
- Mechanics: scalar and vector quantities, force, momentum, velocity, work, and energy
- Projectile Motion: trajectory of objects under gravity
- Gravitation: force of gravity and its effects
- Circular Motion: motion of objects in a circular path
- Rotational Motion: rotation of objects around a fixed axis
- Simple Harmonic Motion: oscillatory motion of objects
- Sound Waves: propagation of sound waves
- Potential and Kinetic Energy: energy associated with position and motion
- Conservation of Energy: principle of energy conservation
- Elasticity: deformation of materials under stress
- Angular Momentum: rotational motion of objects
- Moment of Inertia: resistance to rotational motion
- Radius of Gyration: distance from axis of rotation to center of mass
Sports Psychology
- Introduction to Psychology and Sport Psychology: principles of psychology and its application to sports
- Cognitive Processes: perception, attention, memory, and learning
- Motivation and Emotion: factors influencing motivation and emotion
- Personality and Intelligence: personality traits, intelligence, and their effects on performance
- Group Dynamics: interactions and behaviors within groups
- Mood Disorders: Unipolar Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, and their effects on performance
- Personality Disorders and Schizophrenia: abnormal personality traits and their effects on performance
- Growth and Development: physical and psychological changes across the lifespan
- Learning Processes: ways in which learning occurs
- Coping with Stress: strategies for managing stress
Sports Nutrition
- Food Groups and RDA: classification of foods and recommended daily allowance
- Functions, Metabolism, and Sources of Nutrients: roles, breakdown, and sources of nutrients
- Water, Energy, CHO, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, and Minerals: functions and sources of macronutrients and micronutrients
- Cereals and Millets, Legumes and Oilseeds, Fruits and Vegetables, Flesh Foods and Eggs, Milk and Milk Products, Sugar and Jaggery, Fats and Oils: characteristics and nutritional values of different food groups
- Etiology, Symptoms, and Dietary Management: causes, symptoms, and dietary management of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic disorders, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and allergic conditions
- Food Laws and Standards: regulations and guidelines for food safety and quality
- Food Adulteration: classification, detection, and prevention of adulterants
- Hygiene and Sanitation: importance of cleanliness and sanitation in food handling and preparation
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Description
Test your knowledge of energy systems and sources used during exercise, including ATP-PC, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic oxidative systems, as well as carbohydrates and fats as energy sources.
