Exam 1: Mechanisms of Evolution

<p>Protobionts possess a boundary that separates an internal environment from the external environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protobionts are composed primarily of lipids, which form the boundary, and other organic molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protobionts demonstrate the ability of non-living matter to self-assemble into complex structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hydrophilic head interacts with the external environment, anchoring the bilayer to the surrounding water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects the internal molecules from degradation and allows for the development of specific biochemical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gregor Mendel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mapping the coastline of Southern South America (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Island species had evolved unique traits that helped them survive and reproduce in those specific environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hypothesis is a testable question, while a theory is a well-supported explanation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supported the idea that species could evolve over a long period of time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lyell's ideas on uniformitarianism demonstrated that slow processes over long periods could significantly alter the Earth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malthus's work showed that populations tend to grow faster than resources, leading to competition and survival of the fittest. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They feed on dead tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection of necrotic tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphological homology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It tests if populations have evolved based on allele frequencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variation within a species and natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They specialized in their feeding strategies depending on their island (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show transitional forms between earlier and later species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More offspring are produced than can survive, leading to competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unrelated species developing similar traits in similar environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind sedimentary grains or precipitate minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proterozoic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solar radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilateral symmetry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autotrophic cyanobacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phanerozoic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal skeletons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cambrian explosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitated both evolution and extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboniferous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stromatolites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paralogs are homologous genes within a single species, while orthologs are homologous genes in different species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolution of the globin family, leading to specialized oxygen-binding proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The creation of a new protein with an additional domain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transfer of genetic material between different species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genomic level changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical gene transfer involves the transfer of genes from parents to offspring, while horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of genes between unrelated organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to the formation of new genes with novel protein domains and functionalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A well-substantiated explanation of phenomena, backed by evidence.

A mathematical formula used to test if a population is evolving by comparing expected and observed genotypes.

Infestation of vertebrate tissue by fly larvae, often for feeding purposes.

A medical treatment using maggots to clean non-healing wounds by eating decaying tissue.

Type of myiasis where maggots develop in necrotic tissue, such as wounds or ulcers.

Bird species with varied feeding strategies influenced by their environment.

Evolution based on variation within species and natural selection.

Process where traits enhancing survival are favored.

Fossils showing evolutionary changes between species over time.

Includes fossils, biogeography, and homology supporting evolution.

A testable question based on limited evidence.

A comprehensive explanation well-supported by evidence that predicts future observations.

A scientist known for classifying organisms using binomial nomenclature.

Proposed that organisms adapt to environments; traits are inherited.

Naturalist who developed the theory of evolution influenced by multiple studies.

Geologist whose ideas on slow changes influenced Darwin's thinking about time.

Economist who discussed population growth and limited resources.

The ship on which Darwin made critical observations about species.

Rare events that create gene families by duplicating an ancestral gene.

Homologous genes within a single species that arise from duplication.

Globins in humans, responsible for oxygen binding.

Insertion of exons into genes, allowing creation of proteins with new domains.

Transfer of genetic material between different species, not from parent to offspring.

Genetic transfer from parent to offspring.

Large-scale changes in chromosome structure and number, leading to new species.

Creation of new proteins with new abilities through genetic changes.

Microbial structures that trap sediments and minerals.

Layered structures formed by cyanobacteria activity.

Earliest eon in geological time scale (4.6-4 billion years ago).

Eon following Archaean (2.5 billion - 543 million years ago).

Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus.

Simple cells without a nucleus, like bacteria.

A rapid increase in animal diversity around 541 million years ago.

A significant loss of biodiversity during a short time.

Body plan where the left and right sides are mirror images.

Organisms that create their own food from sunlight or chemicals.

Organisms that consume others for food, like humans.

Cell organelles that generate energy, evolved from bacteria.

Theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from engulfed prokaryotes.

Current eon following the Mesozoic, characterized by mammals and birds.

Periods of extensive ice cover on Earth.

The process of fusing organic compounds to create polymers.

Clay acts as a catalyst for forming nucleic acids and polypeptides from monomers.

Formation of nucleic acid polymers and polypeptides on clay surfaces, despite previous beliefs of its impossibility in water.

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails in lipid bilayers contribute to boundary formation in protobionts.

Aggregates of molecules that form a boundary, allowing distinct internal chemistry from the environment.

Membranes protect polymers from degradation and hydrolysis by creating isolated environments.

Polymers like DNA and RNA need to be enclosed in membranes to function effectively.

Protobionts show properties essential for life, including chemical activity and compartmentalization.