Exam 1 Flashcards (Chapters 1-3)

Questions and Answers

What is the scientific method?

Method of research with defined steps including experiments and observation.

What is inductive reasoning used for?

Logic used in descriptive science.

What is deductive reasoning used for?

Logic used in hypothesis-based science.

What does basic science seek to achieve?

Expand knowledge (discoveries). Signup and view all the answers

What is applied science?

Form of science that aims to solve real-world problems. Signup and view all the answers

How does energy enter the ecosystem?

Light. Signup and view all the answers

How does energy exit the ecosystem?

Heat. Signup and view all the answers

What does atomic theory state?

All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are subatomic particles?

Proton, neutron, electron. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic mass?

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element. Signup and view all the answers

What is electron configuration?

The exact arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

At which distance is it easiest to remove an electron from its shell?

Furthest from nucleus (valence shell). Signup and view all the answers

What is an element's group number equal to?

Electrons in its valence shell. Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons does an element need to be stable?

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What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which bond is stronger, ionic or covalent?

Covalent. Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrostatic interaction?

An attraction or repulsion that occurs between charged particles. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the degree of polarity?

Electronegativity. Signup and view all the answers

Where does electronegativity increase in the periodic table?

Farther up and to the right. Signup and view all the answers

What is a polar molecule?

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water (hydrophilic). Signup and view all the answers

What is a nonpolar molecule?

No partial charges. Do not mix with water (hydrophobic). Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophobic mean?

Water-hating. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophilic mean?

Attracted to water. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

An ion with a positive charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

An ion with a negative charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

The ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a hydrogen bond?

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophilic amino acids have what kind of side chains?

Oxygen/hydrogen (O/H/OH). Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophobic amino acids have what kind of side chains?

Carbon (C). Signup and view all the answers

What is primary protein structure?

Sequence of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary protein structure?

Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is tertiary structure?

Three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. Signup and view all the answers

What holds together tertiary structure?

Salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is quaternary structure?

Arrangement/combination of multiple protein subunits (polypeptide chain). Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of denaturation?

Temperature, pH, organic solvents, stress. Signup and view all the answers

What are saturated fats like at room temperature?

Solid at room temperature, no double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What are unsaturated fats like at room temperature?

Liquid at room temperature, double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrogenation?

Breaking double bonds, unsaturated to saturated. Signup and view all the answers

What is saponification?

The reaction between a fat (acid) and a strong base to produce glycerol and the salt of a fatty acid (soap). Signup and view all the answers

Is soap hydropathic or hydrophilic?

Amphipathic. Signup and view all the answers

Does unsaturated fat have a higher or lower melting point than saturated fat?

Lower. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method

Research method with defined steps including experiments and observations.
Hypotheses do not have to be correct for tests to be valid.

Reasoning Types

Inductive reasoning: employed in descriptive science for drawing general conclusions.
Deductive reasoning: used in hypothesis-based science to derive predictions from general principles.

Types of Science

Basic science: focuses on expanding knowledge through discoveries without immediate practical application.
Applied science: targets solving real-world problems using scientific principles.

Energy in Ecosystems

Energy enters ecosystems primarily as light.
Energy exits ecosystems mainly as heat.

Atomic Theory

All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.

Subatomic Particles and Atomic Characteristics

Subatomic particles include protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Atomic number refers to the number of protons in an atom.
Atomic mass is the average mass of all isotopes of an element.

Electron Arrangements

Electron configuration details the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
Electrons are easiest to remove from the valence shell, the outermost layer of electrons.
An element’s group number indicates the number of electrons in its valence shell.

Stability and Electron Count

Stability in elements is achieved with eight valence electrons.

Chemical Bonds

Covalent bond: formed through the sharing of electrons; stronger than ionic bonds.
Ionic bond: established via attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Bond Strength

Covalent bonds are generally stronger than ionic bonds.

Electrostatic Interactions

Occur between charged particles, where opposites attract.

Polarity and Electronegativity

Polarity of molecules is determined by electronegativity, which increases as one moves up and to the right on the periodic table.
Polar molecules possess partial charges and mix well with water (hydrophilic).
Nonpolar molecules have no partial charges, do not mix with water (hydrophobic).

Ion Types

Cation: an ion with a positive charge.
Anion: an ion with a negative charge.

Hydrogen Bonds

Formed by attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Amino Acids and Hydrophilicity

Hydrophilic amino acids have side chains containing oxygen and hydrogen.
Hydrophobic amino acids have side chains composed of carbon.

Protein Structures

Primary structure: sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
Secondary structure: formed by links between amino acids through hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure: three-dimensional shape resulting from interactions between R groups of amino acids.
Quaternary structure: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.

Protein Structure Stabilization

Tertiary structure is stabilized by salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions.

Denaturation Causes

Factors include temperature changes, pH alterations, exposure to organic solvents, and mechanical stress.

Fats Classification

Saturated fats: solid at room temperature and lack double bonds.
Unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature and contain double bonds.

Chemical Processes

Hydrogenation: process that converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by breaking double bonds.
Saponification: reaction between fat (acid) and a strong base that produces glycerol and soap (fatty acid salt).

Soap Characteristics

Soap is amphipathic, possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.

Melting Point Comparison

Unsaturated fats have a lower melting point compared to saturated fats.

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Prepare for your exam with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 1 to 3. Each card presents important terms and definitions related to the scientific method and reasoning used in scientific research. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding and study skills.