3021 Week 2 notes

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Questions and Answers

Which methodology is not typically associated with Psychodynamic Theory?

Free association

Contingency based learning (correct)

Case studies

Clinical interviews

What is a significant weakness of the Psychodynamic Theory?

Emphasizes the role of social factors

Requires a specific founder

Lacks empirical evidence (correct)

Focuses solely on observable behavior

Which feature does the Biopsychosocial Model emphasize?

Patient self-awareness and life context (correct)

Exclusively biological factors

Predominantly psychological influences

Cultural considerations only

What is a characteristic of Ecological Theory?

Hierarchy of interconnected environmental systems Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is uniquely emphasized in Social Constructivism compared to other theories?

Knowledge is constructed through social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of Constructivism as a philosophical approach?

Holistic understanding of knowledge construction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Function of Developmental Theories is incorrect?

All theories are inherently testable Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of Ecological Theory in developmental psychology?

Interconnected environmental systems affecting development Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the transformation from the Latency Stage to the Genital Stage in child development?

Development of socialized, altruistic feelings Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosocial stage does a child primarily develop a sense of industry versus inferiority?

Middle and late childhood Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary aim of psychodynamic therapy for children?

To increase awareness of conscious and unconscious parts of self Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is primarily associated with the Formal Operational Stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption of psychodynamic theory emphasizes the unconscious's role in mental functioning?

The central importance of the unconscious drives in behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's developmental stage of 'Identity vs Identity Confusion' primarily occurs during which age range?

10-20 years Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'ego functions' include in psychodynamic diagnostic evaluation?

Moderating drives, reality testing, and impulse control Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of psychodynamic therapy when addressing symptoms in children?

To express emotions through narrative and dialogue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental assumption in psychodynamic theory?

Reality testing is irrelevant to personal conflict Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

They lack substantial empirical support and research Signup and view all the answers

In which psychosocial stage do individuals focus on developing close relationships and intimacy?

Intimacy vs Isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive developmental stage is associated with the acquisition of 'object permanence'?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What does 'psychosocial moratorium' refer to in Erikson's theory?

A time for adolescents to explore identity without commitment Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's model, what characterizes the Preoperational Stage?

Development of symbolic thought and imagination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the genital stage in psychosexual development?

Intercourse with a sexual partner Signup and view all the answers

Which Freudian component is characterized by the innate biological drives inherited from parents?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of not successfully resolving the anal stage?

Obstinate and stingy personality traits Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Phallic stage in Freudian theory?

Resolution of the Oedipus complex Signup and view all the answers

Fixation during which stage may lead to regression in adult cleanliness and orderliness issues?

Anal stage Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosexual stage is associated with the development of trust and affection based on maternal relationships?

Oral stage Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable psychological effect of unresolved issues from the genital stage?

Development of maladaptive behaviours Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage do children typically experience a lack of sexual motivation and focus on friendships?

Latency phase Signup and view all the answers

What psychological processes involve converting sexual energy into behavior in Freudian theory?

Sublimation, displacement, and reaction formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is most likely exhibited by a person fixated at the anal stage?

Overemphasis on order and cleanliness Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of theories in scientific inquiry?

Theories provide frameworks for interpreting findings. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of personality traits may develop from a lack of successful resolution in the oral stage?

Pessimism and depression Signup and view all the answers

What describes the dynamic between the id, ego, and super ego according to Freudian theory?

They conflict with each other, guiding behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of an individual stuck in the phallic stage?

Difficulty in forming adult sexual relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'microsystem' in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory?

It is the immediate environment affecting an individual. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of development, what does the ZPD criterion emphasize?

Challenges should be tailored to the individual’s level of proficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of Bronfenbrenner's Bio-ecological Theory?

Predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'exosystem' encompass in Bronfenbrenner's model?

External influences impacting the child indirectly. Signup and view all the answers

Which time-related term in Bronfenbrenner's model refers to the lifetime duration of changes?

Chronosystem Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for understanding the biopsychosocial model?

Interaction between biological, psychological, and social aspects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of environmental assessments in adolescent development?

Examining influences from family, peers, and community. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mesosystem play in a child's development?

It reflects interactions between various microsystems affecting the individual. Signup and view all the answers

Which element is a potential barrier in applying a multi-faceted treatment approach?

Addressing multiple levels of influence requiring extensive resources. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'proximal processes' refer to in the context of developmental theory?

Interactions between an individual and their environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects does NOT play a critical role in shaping the children's environments over time?

Randomized personal experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the ecological systems theory is FALSE?

It emphasizes static influences on child development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of community influences in adolescent development?

They shape the developmental context and provide support. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of not understanding the interactions between the factors affecting a person's functioning and well-being?

It limits the effective formulation of treatment interventions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is solely involved in the biological component of the bio-psychosocial model?

Immunity Signup and view all the answers

According to the bio-psychosocial model, what effect can a biological issue like illness have on an individual’s behavior?

It may negatively impact self-esteem and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the importance of social interactions and cultural contexts in adolescent development?

Socio-cultural Theories Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of cognitive development theories, as exemplified by Piaget's work, in relation to adolescents?

Development of advanced abstract reasoning skills. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the influence of past experiences on problem-solving according to the theory discussed?

They help maximize the success of adaptation to the world. Signup and view all the answers

When assessing adolescents, why is it important to consider individual factors such as personality characteristics and health conditions?

Because they influence the measures used for assessment. Signup and view all the answers

What role do longitudinal studies serve in the context of studying adolescents?

They help capture developmental changes over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of egocentrism seen during adolescence as described?

The belief of being the center of attention in social situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a component of the bio-psychosocial model?

Astrological factor Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Zone of Proximal Development, what is the primary focus of the collaborative learning process?

Determining the difference between actual and potential development levels. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the bio-psychosocial model, what could be a psychosocial influence on an adolescent’s behavior?

Poor peer relationship Signup and view all the answers

Why are domain-specific approaches necessary in education, as per the discussed treatment approaches?

They cater to the varied cognitive demands of different subjects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects should not be included when applying the bio-psychosocial model to an individual's assessment?

Only biological symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which key aspect distinguishes the formal operational stage in cognitive development from earlier stages?

The capacity to understand and manipulate abstract concepts. Signup and view all the answers

What role do cultural tools play in cognitive development according to Vygotsky’s theory?

They facilitate the construction of reality through social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What major benefit does applying the bio-psychosocial model in treatment provide?

It allows for a multi-faceted understanding of problems. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines 'scaffolding' in the context of educational approaches?

A framework to gradually shift responsibility from teacher to student. Signup and view all the answers

What is one critical aspect to consider when designing education programs for adolescents according to biological theories?

Providing education on puberty and emotional management. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'effective ZPD' in cognitive interventions?

It determines appropriate task difficulty when aligned with available help. Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment method is most effective for obtaining adolescents' subjective experiences regarding their development?

Surveys and interviews Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'personal fable' concept introduced by Elkind?

The notion that one’s thoughts and feelings are unique and not understood by others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of assessments within the Zone of Proximal Development framework?

To identify the degree of collaboration needed for effective learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is a hallmark of the imaginary audience phenomenon during adolescence?

A heightened sensitivity to criticism. Signup and view all the answers

What is a principal aspect of cognitive development through social mediation in Vygotsky’s theory?

Interactions with more capable peers influence learning. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered crucial in achieving effective cognitive intervention for adolescents?

Learning materials should match the adolescent's current understanding. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychodynamic Theory

Emphasizes unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts influencing behavior.
Sigmund Freud is the founder.
Other significant contributors are Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Alfred Adler, Anna Freud, and Erik Erikson.
Uses methodologies like case studies, dream analysis, free association, projective tests, clinical interviews, and hypnosis.
Strengths include being the first "talking cure" and highlighting the importance of childhood and personality development.
Weaknesses include being unfalsifiable, subjective interpretations, lacking empirical evidence, and being deterministic.

Logical Constructivism

Learners actively construct knowledge.
Incorporates biological, psychological, and social factors.
No specific founder, but it's a philosophical approach.
Employs contingency-based learning.
Acceptance criteria vary over time.
Strengths include providing a holistic understanding and emphasizing interaction.
Weaknesses include rejecting superhuman necessity and varying standards for acceptance.

Knowledge is socially constructed through interaction.
Includes biological, psychological, and social factors.
Developed by Lev Vygotsky.
Emphasizes interaction over observation and a sociocultural perspective.
Strengths include acknowledging the interplay of factors and emphasizing culture.
Weaknesses include rejecting objectivity and variability based on context.

Ecological Theory

Considers interconnected environmental systems.
Levels include microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
Urie Bronfenbrenner is the founder.
Uses case formulation, considering predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors.
Strengths include a holistic view of development and highlighting interactions.
Weaknesses include overlaps with other theories and complexity.

Biopsychosocial Model

Considers biology, psychology, and social environment.
Recognizes patient self-awareness and life context.
Founded by Dr. George Engel and Dr. John Romano.
Uses biological, psychological, and social factors as a methodology.
Strengths include a holistic approach and effectiveness in treatment.
Weaknesses include overlapping systems and being patient-centered.

Function of Developmental Theories

Provide frameworks for interpreting children's behaviors and environments.
Explain typical and atypical development.
Must be testable and account for existing research findings.
Can be falsified by evidence contrary to predictions.
Guide scientific inquiry by providing explanatory frameworks for research results.
Theories that withstand empirical tests and generate falsifiable hypotheses endure, even if aspects are revised based on new evidence.

Psychodynamic Psychology

Proposed by Sigmund Freud, it suggests that conscious and unconscious aspects of the mind influence behavior and development.
Three components interact to produce behavior:
- Id: represents inherited traits.
- Ego: develops through interactions and needs satisfaction.
- Super-ego: internalizes moral values and dictates what is right and wrong.
Psychosexual stages:
- Oral Stage (0-1 years): Focus on sucking and swallowing.
- Anal Stage (1-3 years): Toilet training.
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Masturbation and superego development.
- Latency Stage (6-Puberty): Reduced sexual motivation, platonic friendships.
- Genital Stage (Puberty Onwards): Sexual urges directed toward opposite-sex peers.
Moving successfully through each stage leads to a healthy personality.
Fixation at any stage results in a problematic personality.
Maladaptive tendencies can indicate the stage of fixation.
Unsuccessful resolution of early stages may lead to neurosis.

Genital Stage

The final stage of psychosexual development.
Focuses on sexual interest and activity directed towards sexual partners.
Genitals are the primary source of pleasure.
Successful completion of prior stages leads to well-adjusted and secure individuals.
Fixation can occur at any stage, limiting progression to further stages.
Individuals channel sexual energy through psychological processes like displacement, sublimation, and reaction formation.

Development of Personality Traits

Oral Stage:
- Displacements: Pleasure from acquiring knowledge or possessions.
- Biting or oral aggression: Sarcasm and argumentativeness.
- Feelings of dependency:
  - Mother fulfilling needs: Trusting and warm relationships later in life.
  - Mother rejecting needs: Pessimism and mistrust in later life.
Anal Stage:
- Ego development is complete.
- Pleasure-seeking is altered by maternal care and toilet training.
- Regression to this stage can lead to compulsive neatness.
- Strict parenting can lead to retentive character traits (obstinate, stingy).
- Excessively expelling feces leads to traits like cruelty, destructiveness, temper tantrums, and disorderliness.
- Normal continuation involves interest in bowel habits.
- Failure to resolve anal conflicts results in an "anal character."
- Excessive devotion to detail and unevenness of character lead to easy anger outbursts.
Phallic Stage:
- Oedipus Complex: Repression leads to superego development.
- Differences in Oedipus and Electra complexes influence male and female personalities.
- Transition to adult sexuality is crucial.
- Failure to resolve the Oedipus complex leads to adult neurosis.
Latency Stage:
- Child gains competency and industry through non-sexual activity (recreational, academic, and social).
Genital Stage:
- Group activities, vocational planning, and preparations for family life become central.
- Transformation from a narcissistic infant to a socialized adult.

Psychodynamic Diagnostic Evaluation

Aims to determine why a child's psychosocial development is inconsistent with their age, environment, genes, and culture.
Evaluates temperament, attachment style, and ego functions according to developmental stage.
Identifies ego defense mechanisms used.
Common ego functions include moderating drives, reality testing, impulse control, affect regulation, defense mechanisms, object relations, and self-reflective functioning.
Develops a hypothesis about the origin of the child's conflict.

Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

Mental Functioning for Children and Adolescents Axis (MCA)
Psychodynamic Functioning Scales (PFS) focus on adolescent affect management and problem-solving.
Uses tools like thematic apperception tests, Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale, and Shedler-Westen Assessment Profile for Adolescents (SWAP) to assess personality.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Aims to increase self-awareness of conscious and unconscious aspects of oneself.
Emotional distress is seen as a signal of internal conflict.
Symptoms are coping strategies for distress.
Therapist helps the child express emotions verbally for emotional freedom.
Studies indicate that psychodynamic interventions may improve symptoms of various clinical diagnoses.
Internet-based psychodynamic therapy is now available for adolescents.

Criticisms and Revisions of Freud's Theory

Criticisms:
- Psychosexual stages are culture-bound.
- Primarily based on male subjects.
- Many claims lack substantiation.
Revisions:
- Erik Erikson proposed psychosocial stages of development.

Erikson's Theory

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
- Trust vs Mistrust (0 - 1 year): Developing trust through caregiving.
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1 - 3 years): Developing independence and self-control.
- Initiative vs Guilt (3 - 5 years): Exploring and asserting oneself.
- Industry vs Inferiority (6 - Puberty): Developing competence and skills.
- Identity vs Identity Confusion (10 - 20 years): Establishing a sense of self and belonging.
- Intimacy vs Isolation (20 - 30 years): Forming intimate relationships.
- Generativity vs Stagnation (40 - 50 years): Contributing to society and making a difference.
- Integrity vs Despair (60 years onwards): Reflecting on life with a sense of satisfaction.

Identity vs Identity Confusion

Establishing a clear sense of self and belonging.
Exploring possible life options.
Psychosocial moratorium: A period of exploration and experimentation.
Considering traits, abilities, and interests.

Developing a Sense of Identity

Personality experimentation to find a place in the world.
Identity comprises:
- Vocational/career identity.
- Spiritual identity.
- Achievement and intellectual identity.
- Cultural/Ethnic identity.
- Interests.