Evolutionary Mechanisms: Adaptive Problems and Solutions

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What is the primary goal of negative reinforcement?

To punish undesirable behavior

To ignore undesired behavior

To strengthen behavior through the removal of an aversive stimulus (correct)

To reward desired behavior with a pleasurable stimulus

What is the scheduling of reinforcement where the first response after a set time period is reinforced?

Fixed-interval (correct)

Variable-ratio

Variable interval

Fixed-ratio

What is the term for being aware of one's own consciousness?

Consciousness

Inner States

Self-Awareness (correct)

Intention

What is the result of random or accidental behaviors that happen to be rewarded?

Creativity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the underlying drives that influence behavior?

Drives Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior is characterized by automatic and unconscious responses?

Unconscious Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of self-observation of performance and judgmental evaluation of one's actions called?

Self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

According to Cognitive Social Learning Theory, what do people see as moving them in the direction of a goal?

Needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of fear that is strong enough and pervasive enough to have severe debilitating effects on one's daily life?

Phobia Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying process that has produced solutions to the basic problems of life?

Evolution by natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of separating oneself from the negative consequences of one's behavior?

Disengagement of internal control Signup and view all the answers

Which type of selection occurs when humans select particular desirable traits in a breeding species?

Artificial selection Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when people set their goals too high and are likely to fail?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of behavior that is learned through the mutual interaction of the person, cognitive, environment, and behavioral factors?

Dysfunctional Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

The agent of selection (nature vs. humans) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of adaptations in the context of evolution?

To solve important survival and/or reproductive problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of psychological mechanisms?

They are internal and specific cognitive, motivational, and personality systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for traits that happen as a result of adaptations but are not part of the functional design?

By-products Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement?

Behavior Potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following needs is characterized by the desire to control the behavior of others?

Dominance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a person's confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behavior in a specific situation or situations?

Expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of internal reinforcement?

Personal satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding?

Psychological Situation Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that suggests that the value of an event is a function of one's expectation that a particular reinforcement will lead to future reinforcements?

Reinforcement-reinforcement sequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept of the Choice Corollary in Personal Construct Theory?

People tend to choose alternatives that extend the range of their future choices Signup and view all the answers

According to the Range Corollary, what is the limitation of constructs?

They are limited to a particular range of convenience Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of experiences according to the Experience Corollary?

People's personal constructs are revised Signup and view all the answers

What is the core role related to in Personal Construct Theory?

One's sense of identity Signup and view all the answers

What is Abnormal Development Threat related to in Personal Construct Theory?

The awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one’s core structures Signup and view all the answers

What is guilt related to in Personal Construct Theory?

The sense of having lost one’s core role structure Signup and view all the answers