IAH 203 PPT 15: Race, Nation Building, and Nationalism

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How does gradualism explain evolutionary change?

Through large-scale mutations within individuals

By causing sudden shifts in population sizes

By creating new species suddenly

Through incremental small changes within populations (correct)

According to natural selection, what gives individuals an extra survival probability?

Genetic similarities among populations

Variation between individuals (correct)

Constant environment conditions

No variation within a species

What did some 19th-century theorists apply Darwin's biological conclusions to?

Astronomical phenomena

Societies and 'races' (correct)

Geological formations

Chemical reactions

What did the political scientists and politicians from 1860-1930 begin to apply Darwin's theories to?

Society at large Signup and view all the answers

What concept emerged as essentially a racial explanation for success and failure based on Darwin's theories?

'Social Darwinism' Signup and view all the answers

What idea was coined in the late 19th century, describing the concept that humans compete in a struggle for existence?

Social Darwinism Signup and view all the answers

According to Latin American elites during that time, who did they primarily blame for poverty, criminality, and backwardness in their countries?

African and indigenous peoples Signup and view all the answers

What did proponents of Social Darwinism believe about some people's ability to survive, succeed, and govern?

Some are more fit to survive/succeed/govern than others Signup and view all the answers

At its extreme, what did some proponents of Social Darwinism think about government involvement in regulating the economy or addressing social ills?

Governments should not interfere with human competition Signup and view all the answers

What was the key concept behind the idea of 'survival of the fittest' as related to Social Darwinism?

Natural selection in a struggle for existence Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristics does the text attribute to the white peoples?

Reflective energy and love of liberty Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristic distinguishes the yellow man from the negro?

Coarse protuberances on the nose Signup and view all the answers

What is the general temperament attributed to the yellow man in the text?

Obesity and apathy Signup and view all the answers

What is Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' used to justify according to the text?

Colonization and imperialism Signup and view all the answers

What is described as an indispensable means of self-preservation for white peoples in the text?

Instinct for order Signup and view all the answers

What is Kipling's attitude towards the white peoples compared to other races according to the text?

'Gifted with reflective energy' Signup and view all the answers

Who used the phrase 'survival of the fittest' instead of 'natural selection'?

Herbert Spencer Signup and view all the answers

What did Herbert Spencer's ideas about 'survival of the fittest' seem to promote?

'Us versus them' attitude Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the theory of the Aryan master race?

Arthur Gobineau Signup and view all the answers

What did Arthur Gobineau believe would lead to inferior stock?

'Superior' peoples breeding with 'inferior' races Signup and view all the answers

What did Gobineau claim about the 'negroid variety'?

They are lowest on the hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which race did Gobineau consider as having the intellect that will always move within a very narrow circle?

Negroid variety Signup and view all the answers

Where did most immigrants go during the period of social Darwinism in Latin America?

Argentina Signup and view all the answers

Which country attracted immigrants from Italy and Germany, similar to Argentina?

Brazil Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason for targeting people from western Europe for immigration to Brazil?

Abolition of slavery Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of wealthy coffee planters in São Paulo in immigration to Brazil?

Creating immigration companies Signup and view all the answers

Where were immigrants to Brazil processed before being transferred to coffee farms?

São Paulo Signup and view all the answers

What service did European immigrants receive when they moved to Brazil in the late 19th century?

$20 ship passage and service contracts Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Latin American elites during the late 19th century primarily use to explain the poverty and lawlessness in their countries?

Biological inferiority of African and indigenous peoples Signup and view all the answers

What did the term Social Darwinism refer to in the context of the late 19th century?

Competition in a struggle for existence with survival of the fittest Signup and view all the answers

How did proponents of Social Darwinism view government involvement in regulating the economy or addressing social issues at its extreme?

Should not interfere with human competition Signup and view all the answers

What was the general belief about certain individuals' fitness to survive, succeed, and govern according to Social Darwinism?

Some people are more fit than others Signup and view all the answers

What was the key aspect associated with the idea of 'survival of the fittest' as related to Social Darwinism?

'Survival of the fittest' resulting from natural selection in human competition Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristic is described for the yellow man in the text?

Lack of physical energy Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the white peoples from the yellow races?

Instinct for order Signup and view all the answers

In the text, what concept or attribute is mentioned regarding the white peoples' intelligence?

Energetic intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What did Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' influence and justify?

Colonization and imperialism Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase from Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' describes the attitude towards the colonized peoples?

'Half devil and half child' Signup and view all the answers

What does the text attribute to white peoples regarding their love for liberty?

Remarkable and extreme love of liberty Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key reasons Latin American authors and artists abandoned Social Darwinism around 1900?

To highlight the value of Latin America's indigenous, African, and biracial peoples Signup and view all the answers

How did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of species diversification?

By suggesting that all organisms have a common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

What was a common concern among 19th-century Latin American leaders regarding their countries?

Poverty and lawlessness Signup and view all the answers

Why did Latin American elites question the prosperity and 'Westernization' of their countries during the 19th century?

'Westernization' was seen as a threat to cultural identity Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Latin American leaders aim to emphasize when they exalted indigenous, African, and biracial peoples?

Highlighting racial diversity and heritage Signup and view all the answers

Why did wealthy coffee planters play a significant role in immigration to Brazil during the 19th century?

To maintain a stable workforce for their plantations Signup and view all the answers

What did José Vasconcelos believe in regarding race?

All races have equal qualities and genius. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Ciro Alegría's novel?

Portraying the struggles of indigenous peoples in Peru. Signup and view all the answers

What did José Vasconcelos believe about the ultimate race?

The ultimate race is a combination of all peoples' genius and blood. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the jíbaros according to the text?

Hardworking and hospitable. Signup and view all the answers

Why was José Vasconcelos considered problematic in his beliefs?

His writings have not aged well over time. Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the indigenous people portrayed in Ciro Alegría's novel?

To live in peace and cultivate their lands. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Brazilian history does the first source criticize?

Downplaying the violence and exploitation behind miscegenation Signup and view all the answers

What was José Martí's message regarding governance in America?

Governance should focus on uniting diverse elements within America Signup and view all the answers

What did José Martí criticize about previous politicians and intellectuals in Latin America?

Their promotion of European and capitalist interests Signup and view all the answers

What did José Martí emphasize as the struggle in America?

Between false erudition and indigenous knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What did José Martí believe should be taught in America's history?

American history starting from the Incas to the present Signup and view all the answers

In what way did José Martí critique enlightened politicians in Latin America?

For denigrating Latin American peoples in favor of white Europeans Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Latin American elites during the late 19th century believe could explain poverty, criminality, and backwardness in their countries?

Biological determinism Signup and view all the answers

What idea was coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence resulting in 'survival of the fittest'?

Social Darwinism Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Darwinism, what did some proponents believe should not be interfered with by governments?

Economic regulations Signup and view all the answers

What was the central belief associated with Social Darwinism regarding human success and governance?

Fitness to survive, succeed, and govern Signup and view all the answers

What extreme view did some proponents of Social Darwinism hold regarding government involvement in social and economic matters?

Rejecting government interference in regulating the economy Signup and view all the answers

What physical energy trait is attributed to the yellow man in the text?

Little physical energy and inclination to apathy Signup and view all the answers

What do white peoples have an extraordinary instinct for?

Order as a guarantee of peace and tranquility Signup and view all the answers

In Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden', what description is used for the newly conquered peoples?

Sullen, half devil, half child Signup and view all the answers

What was the general attitude of white peoples towards liberty according to the text?

Remarkable, even extreme, love of liberty Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the white peoples from the yellow races in terms of intelligence?

'Reflective energy' and 'energetic intelligence' Signup and view all the answers

What is Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' primarily used to justify?

Encouraging colonization and imperialism Signup and view all the answers

What term did Brazil use in 1942 to promote the idea of cultural assimilation?

Brazilianization Signup and view all the answers

What did Nationalists in Latin America around 1900 emphasize regarding national identities?

Pride in being mestizo or mulatto Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Manuel Alonso write 'El Gíbaro (The Peasant)' showcasing Puerto Rican pride and attachment to the homeland?

1849 Signup and view all the answers

What did Brazil outlaw in 1942 based on the text?

Speaking Italian, German, or Japanese in public Signup and view all the answers

What did nationalists in Latin America beginning around 1900 typically resent according to the text?

Foreign intervention and ownership of natural resources Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote 'The Peasant' in 1849 according to the text?

Manuel Alonso Signup and view all the answers

Which art movement was used to instill the values and goals of the Mexican Revolution?

Muralism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Ecuadorian painters was known for depicting oppression, racism, poverty, and class divisions in his art?

Oswaldo Guayasamin Signup and view all the answers

Who was known as 'the painter of hands' due to his focus on paintings of indigenous peoples?

Edwardo Kingman Signup and view all the answers

Which artist had a parentage of an Ecuadorian mother and an American father?

Edwardo Kingman Signup and view all the answers

Who among the artists mentioned in the text was a professor at Quito’s School of Fine Arts?

Edwardo Kingman Signup and view all the answers

Which artist with a poor indigenous-mestizo background focused on depicting class divisions and oppression in his art?

Oswaldo Guayasamin Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criticisms leveled against the depiction of Brazilian history in the first source?

It portrays a benign system of slavery that minimizes the violence against African women. Signup and view all the answers

What was José Martí's view on governance in Latin America compared to European influence?

Martí believed in forging a unique path for governance in Latin America, distinct from European influence. Signup and view all the answers

What did José Martí critique about previous politicians and intellectuals in Latin America according to the text?

Their focus on promoting European and capitalist interests. Signup and view all the answers

What did José Martí imply by stating 'The struggle is not between civilization and barbarity, but between false erudition and Nature'?

Martí argued that the struggle was not about civilization but about different forms of knowledge and understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect did José Martí emphasize regarding governance for Latin American leaders?

'Governors must govern their own country using methods and institutions that originate within the country.' Signup and view all the answers

According to José Martí, what should be the focus of teaching history in America from the Incas to the present?

'America's history should be taught in clear detail from the Incas to the present.' Signup and view all the answers

IAH 203 PPT 15: Race, Nation Building, and Nationalism

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Questions and Answers

How does gradualism explain evolutionary change?

According to natural selection, what gives individuals an extra survival probability?

What did some 19th-century theorists apply Darwin's biological conclusions to?

What did the political scientists and politicians from 1860-1930 begin to apply Darwin's theories to?

What concept emerged as essentially a racial explanation for success and failure based on Darwin's theories?

What idea was coined in the late 19th century, describing the concept that humans compete in a struggle for existence?

According to Latin American elites during that time, who did they primarily blame for poverty, criminality, and backwardness in their countries?

What did proponents of Social Darwinism believe about some people's ability to survive, succeed, and govern?

At its extreme, what did some proponents of Social Darwinism think about government involvement in regulating the economy or addressing social ills?

What was the key concept behind the idea of 'survival of the fittest' as related to Social Darwinism?

What physical characteristics does the text attribute to the white peoples?

What physical characteristic distinguishes the yellow man from the negro?

What is the general temperament attributed to the yellow man in the text?

What is Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' used to justify according to the text?

What is described as an indispensable means of self-preservation for white peoples in the text?

What is Kipling's attitude towards the white peoples compared to other races according to the text?

Who used the phrase 'survival of the fittest' instead of 'natural selection'?

What did Herbert Spencer's ideas about 'survival of the fittest' seem to promote?

Who developed the theory of the Aryan master race?

What did Arthur Gobineau believe would lead to inferior stock?

What did Gobineau claim about the 'negroid variety'?

Which race did Gobineau consider as having the intellect that will always move within a very narrow circle?

Where did most immigrants go during the period of social Darwinism in Latin America?

Which country attracted immigrants from Italy and Germany, similar to Argentina?

What was the reason for targeting people from western Europe for immigration to Brazil?

What was the role of wealthy coffee planters in São Paulo in immigration to Brazil?

Where were immigrants to Brazil processed before being transferred to coffee farms?

What service did European immigrants receive when they moved to Brazil in the late 19th century?

What concept did Latin American elites during the late 19th century primarily use to explain the poverty and lawlessness in their countries?

What did the term Social Darwinism refer to in the context of the late 19th century?

How did proponents of Social Darwinism view government involvement in regulating the economy or addressing social issues at its extreme?

What was the general belief about certain individuals' fitness to survive, succeed, and govern according to Social Darwinism?

What was the key aspect associated with the idea of 'survival of the fittest' as related to Social Darwinism?

What physical characteristic is described for the yellow man in the text?

What distinguishes the white peoples from the yellow races?

In the text, what concept or attribute is mentioned regarding the white peoples' intelligence?

What did Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' influence and justify?

Which phrase from Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' describes the attitude towards the colonized peoples?

What does the text attribute to white peoples regarding their love for liberty?

What was one of the key reasons Latin American authors and artists abandoned Social Darwinism around 1900?

How did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of species diversification?

What was a common concern among 19th-century Latin American leaders regarding their countries?

Why did Latin American elites question the prosperity and 'Westernization' of their countries during the 19th century?

What aspect did Latin American leaders aim to emphasize when they exalted indigenous, African, and biracial peoples?

Why did wealthy coffee planters play a significant role in immigration to Brazil during the 19th century?

What did José Vasconcelos believe in regarding race?

What was the main focus of Ciro Alegría's novel?

What did José Vasconcelos believe about the ultimate race?

What was a key characteristic of the jíbaros according to the text?

Why was José Vasconcelos considered problematic in his beliefs?

What was the goal of the indigenous people portrayed in Ciro Alegría's novel?

What aspect of Brazilian history does the first source criticize?

What was José Martí's message regarding governance in America?

What did José Martí criticize about previous politicians and intellectuals in Latin America?

What did José Martí emphasize as the struggle in America?

What did José Martí believe should be taught in America's history?

In what way did José Martí critique enlightened politicians in Latin America?

What concept did Latin American elites during the late 19th century believe could explain poverty, criminality, and backwardness in their countries?

What idea was coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence resulting in 'survival of the fittest'?

According to Social Darwinism, what did some proponents believe should not be interfered with by governments?

What was the central belief associated with Social Darwinism regarding human success and governance?

What extreme view did some proponents of Social Darwinism hold regarding government involvement in social and economic matters?

What physical energy trait is attributed to the yellow man in the text?

What do white peoples have an extraordinary instinct for?

In Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden', what description is used for the newly conquered peoples?

What was the general attitude of white peoples towards liberty according to the text?

What distinguishes the white peoples from the yellow races in terms of intelligence?

What is Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' primarily used to justify?

What term did Brazil use in 1942 to promote the idea of cultural assimilation?

What did Nationalists in Latin America around 1900 emphasize regarding national identities?

In what year did Manuel Alonso write 'El Gíbaro (The Peasant)' showcasing Puerto Rican pride and attachment to the homeland?

What did Brazil outlaw in 1942 based on the text?

What did nationalists in Latin America beginning around 1900 typically resent according to the text?

Who wrote 'The Peasant' in 1849 according to the text?

Which art movement was used to instill the values and goals of the Mexican Revolution?

Which of the following Ecuadorian painters was known for depicting oppression, racism, poverty, and class divisions in his art?

Who was known as 'the painter of hands' due to his focus on paintings of indigenous peoples?