IAH 203 PPT 15: Race, Nation Building, and Nationalism
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Questions and Answers

How does gradualism explain evolutionary change?

  • Through large-scale mutations within individuals
  • By causing sudden shifts in population sizes
  • By creating new species suddenly
  • Through incremental small changes within populations (correct)

    • According to natural selection, what gives individuals an extra survival probability?

  • Genetic similarities among populations
  • Variation between individuals (correct)
  • Constant environment conditions
  • No variation within a species

    • What did some 19th-century theorists apply Darwin's biological conclusions to?

  • Astronomical phenomena
  • Societies and 'races' (correct)
  • Geological formations
  • Chemical reactions

    • What did the political scientists and politicians from 1860-1930 begin to apply Darwin's theories to?

    <p>Society at large (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emerged as essentially a racial explanation for success and failure based on Darwin's theories?

    <p>'Social Darwinism' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What idea was coined in the late 19th century, describing the concept that humans compete in a struggle for existence?

    <p>Social Darwinism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Latin American elites during that time, who did they primarily blame for poverty, criminality, and backwardness in their countries?

    <p>African and indigenous peoples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did proponents of Social Darwinism believe about some people's ability to survive, succeed, and govern?

    <p>Some are more fit to survive/succeed/govern than others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At its extreme, what did some proponents of Social Darwinism think about government involvement in regulating the economy or addressing social ills?

    <p>Governments should not interfere with human competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key concept behind the idea of 'survival of the fittest' as related to Social Darwinism?

    <p>Natural selection in a struggle for existence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristics does the text attribute to the white peoples?

    <p>Reflective energy and love of liberty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristic distinguishes the yellow man from the negro?

    <p>Coarse protuberances on the nose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general temperament attributed to the yellow man in the text?

    <p>Obesity and apathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' used to justify according to the text?

    <p>Colonization and imperialism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as an indispensable means of self-preservation for white peoples in the text?

    <p>Instinct for order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Kipling's attitude towards the white peoples compared to other races according to the text?

    <p>'Gifted with reflective energy' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who used the phrase 'survival of the fittest' instead of 'natural selection'?

    <p>Herbert Spencer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herbert Spencer's ideas about 'survival of the fittest' seem to promote?

    <p>'Us versus them' attitude (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the theory of the Aryan master race?

    <p>Arthur Gobineau (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Arthur Gobineau believe would lead to inferior stock?

    <p>'Superior' peoples breeding with 'inferior' races (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gobineau claim about the 'negroid variety'?

    <p>They are lowest on the hierarchy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which race did Gobineau consider as having the intellect that will always move within a very narrow circle?

    <p>Negroid variety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did most immigrants go during the period of social Darwinism in Latin America?

    <p>Argentina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country attracted immigrants from Italy and Germany, similar to Argentina?

    <p>Brazil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for targeting people from western Europe for immigration to Brazil?

    <p>Abolition of slavery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of wealthy coffee planters in São Paulo in immigration to Brazil?

    <p>Creating immigration companies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were immigrants to Brazil processed before being transferred to coffee farms?

    <p>São Paulo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What service did European immigrants receive when they moved to Brazil in the late 19th century?

    <p>$20 ship passage and service contracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Latin American elites during the late 19th century primarily use to explain the poverty and lawlessness in their countries?

    <p>Biological inferiority of African and indigenous peoples (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the term Social Darwinism refer to in the context of the late 19th century?

    <p>Competition in a struggle for existence with survival of the fittest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did proponents of Social Darwinism view government involvement in regulating the economy or addressing social issues at its extreme?

    <p>Should not interfere with human competition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general belief about certain individuals' fitness to survive, succeed, and govern according to Social Darwinism?

    <p>Some people are more fit than others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key aspect associated with the idea of 'survival of the fittest' as related to Social Darwinism?

    <p>'Survival of the fittest' resulting from natural selection in human competition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristic is described for the yellow man in the text?

    <p>Lack of physical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the white peoples from the yellow races?

    <p>Instinct for order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the text, what concept or attribute is mentioned regarding the white peoples' intelligence?

    <p>Energetic intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' influence and justify?

    <p>Colonization and imperialism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase from Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' describes the attitude towards the colonized peoples?

    <p>'Half devil and half child' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text attribute to white peoples regarding their love for liberty?

    <p>Remarkable and extreme love of liberty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key reasons Latin American authors and artists abandoned Social Darwinism around 1900?

    <p>To highlight the value of Latin America's indigenous, African, and biracial peoples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of species diversification?

    <p>By suggesting that all organisms have a common ancestor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common concern among 19th-century Latin American leaders regarding their countries?

    <p>Poverty and lawlessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Latin American elites question the prosperity and 'Westernization' of their countries during the 19th century?

    <p>'Westernization' was seen as a threat to cultural identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect did Latin American leaders aim to emphasize when they exalted indigenous, African, and biracial peoples?

    <p>Highlighting racial diversity and heritage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did wealthy coffee planters play a significant role in immigration to Brazil during the 19th century?

    <p>To maintain a stable workforce for their plantations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Vasconcelos believe in regarding race?

    <p>All races have equal qualities and genius. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of Ciro Alegría's novel?

    <p>Portraying the struggles of indigenous peoples in Peru. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Vasconcelos believe about the ultimate race?

    <p>The ultimate race is a combination of all peoples' genius and blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of the jíbaros according to the text?

    <p>Hardworking and hospitable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was José Vasconcelos considered problematic in his beliefs?

    <p>His writings have not aged well over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of the indigenous people portrayed in Ciro Alegría's novel?

    <p>To live in peace and cultivate their lands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Brazilian history does the first source criticize?

    <p>Downplaying the violence and exploitation behind miscegenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was José Martí's message regarding governance in America?

    <p>Governance should focus on uniting diverse elements within America (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Martí criticize about previous politicians and intellectuals in Latin America?

    <p>Their promotion of European and capitalist interests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Martí emphasize as the struggle in America?

    <p>Between false erudition and indigenous knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Martí believe should be taught in America's history?

    <p>American history starting from the Incas to the present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did José Martí critique enlightened politicians in Latin America?

    <p>For denigrating Latin American peoples in favor of white Europeans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Latin American elites during the late 19th century believe could explain poverty, criminality, and backwardness in their countries?

    <p>Biological determinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What idea was coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence resulting in 'survival of the fittest'?

    <p>Social Darwinism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Social Darwinism, what did some proponents believe should not be interfered with by governments?

    <p>Economic regulations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central belief associated with Social Darwinism regarding human success and governance?

    <p>Fitness to survive, succeed, and govern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What extreme view did some proponents of Social Darwinism hold regarding government involvement in social and economic matters?

    <p>Rejecting government interference in regulating the economy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical energy trait is attributed to the yellow man in the text?

    <p>Little physical energy and inclination to apathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do white peoples have an extraordinary instinct for?

    <p>Order as a guarantee of peace and tranquility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden', what description is used for the newly conquered peoples?

    <p>Sullen, half devil, half child (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general attitude of white peoples towards liberty according to the text?

    <p>Remarkable, even extreme, love of liberty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the white peoples from the yellow races in terms of intelligence?

    <p>'Reflective energy' and 'energetic intelligence' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man’s Burden' primarily used to justify?

    <p>Encouraging colonization and imperialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Brazil use in 1942 to promote the idea of cultural assimilation?

    <p>Brazilianization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Nationalists in Latin America around 1900 emphasize regarding national identities?

    <p>Pride in being mestizo or mulatto (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Manuel Alonso write 'El Gíbaro (The Peasant)' showcasing Puerto Rican pride and attachment to the homeland?

    <p>1849 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Brazil outlaw in 1942 based on the text?

    <p>Speaking Italian, German, or Japanese in public (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did nationalists in Latin America beginning around 1900 typically resent according to the text?

    <p>Foreign intervention and ownership of natural resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who wrote 'The Peasant' in 1849 according to the text?

    <p>Manuel Alonso (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which art movement was used to instill the values and goals of the Mexican Revolution?

    <p>Muralism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Ecuadorian painters was known for depicting oppression, racism, poverty, and class divisions in his art?

    <p>Oswaldo Guayasamin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known as 'the painter of hands' due to his focus on paintings of indigenous peoples?

    <p>Edwardo Kingman (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist had a parentage of an Ecuadorian mother and an American father?

    <p>Edwardo Kingman (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the artists mentioned in the text was a professor at Quito’s School of Fine Arts?

    <p>Edwardo Kingman (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist with a poor indigenous-mestizo background focused on depicting class divisions and oppression in his art?

    <p>Oswaldo Guayasamin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criticisms leveled against the depiction of Brazilian history in the first source?

    <p>It portrays a benign system of slavery that minimizes the violence against African women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was José Martí's view on governance in Latin America compared to European influence?

    <p>Martí believed in forging a unique path for governance in Latin America, distinct from European influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Martí critique about previous politicians and intellectuals in Latin America according to the text?

    <p>Their focus on promoting European and capitalist interests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did José Martí imply by stating 'The struggle is not between civilization and barbarity, but between false erudition and Nature'?

    <p>Martí argued that the struggle was not about civilization but about different forms of knowledge and understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect did José Martí emphasize regarding governance for Latin American leaders?

    <p>'Governors must govern their own country using methods and institutions that originate within the country.' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to José Martí, what should be the focus of teaching history in America from the Incas to the present?

    <p>'America's history should be taught in clear detail from the Incas to the present.' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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