Evolutionary Biology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of gene duplication in protein evolution?

  • It reduces the overall genetic diversity in a population.
  • It prevents mutations from affecting protein function.
  • It ensures that only one copy of the gene is retained in the genome.
  • It allows modification of one protein copy while maintaining the original function. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the biological definition of a species?

  • A group of individuals that are identical in morphology.
  • A group of organisms that live in the same geographical area.
  • A group of organisms that share the same habitat requirements.
  • A group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals. (correct)

What is allopatric speciation?

  • Speciation that occurs within the same geographical area.
  • Speciation that results from behavioral changes in mating rituals.
  • Speciation due to reproductive isolation caused by ecological differences.
  • Speciation that involves a geographical separation of populations. (correct)

What is a key factor that suggests speciation might not be complete?

<p>The presence of hybrids between closely related species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of fishes feeding on a second food source interacting more with each other?

<p>They may eventually experience sympatric speciation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of speciation, what must occur for two populations to evolve into distinct species?

<p>They must undergo genetic drift leading to reduced gene flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location is known for a significant number of sympatric speciation events among cichlid fish?

<p>Lake Victoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's illustration of speciation depicted it as what kind of event?

<p>A branching event from a common ancestor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the two cichlid populations in Lake Apoyeque?

<p>Different morphologies and diets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation primarily occurs under what conditions?

<p>After a mass extinction event creates new opportunities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted the isolation of the apple maggot fly population?

<p>A host jump from hawthorn trees to apple trees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon can occur due to hybridization between closely related species?

<p>Formation of new species through genetic admixture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long ago was Lake Apoyeque populated by a single population of cichlid fish?

<p>100 years ago. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior in the apple maggot fly contributes significantly to the speciation process?

<p>Preferred mating locations in host trees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cichlid fish populations in Nicaragua, what drives the differences observed between the populations?

<p>Divergent feeding strategies and morphologies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the measurable differences between the two populations of apple maggot flies?

<p>They are in the early stage of sympatric speciation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that leads to reproductive isolation between two populations?

<p>Character divergence affecting mating behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a prezygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation?

<p>Genetic incompatibilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation?

<p>Hybrid offspring being infertile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is more likely to lead to allopatric speciation?

<p>A river divides a population of fish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the potential for gene flow between two isolated populations?

<p>Biology of the organism and its dispersal potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affects the courtship rituals leading to mating in diverged populations?

<p>Alterations in male courtship behaviors or female preferences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hybrid survivorship influence selection in isolated populations?

<p>It favors individuals that can identify proper mating cues in their population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common consequence of postzygotic reproductive isolation?

<p>Hybrids exhibiting reduced fertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do biologists believe that life on Earth prevents the repetition of the events that led to its origin?

<p>Existing life would consume intermediate stages formed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a crucial step in the transition to early life according to biologists?

<p>Development of a mechanism of inheritance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

<p>The presence of a pre-existing resistance gene in the gene pool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the nature of evolution?

<p>Adaptations in a species maximize reproduction in response to a changing environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does natural selection act upon within a population?

<p>Pre-existing genetic variation within the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the misconception regarding the statement that 'organisms evolve in response to a change in environment'?

<p>It suggests that individual organisms adapt immediately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the rate of acceptance for the theory of evolution rapid among biologists?

<p>There was substantial evidence supporting the theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about evolution is commonly held in popular literature?

<p>Certain species are the end result or pinnacle of evolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a misinterpretation of the impact of environmental changes on evolution?

<p>Environmental changes create new genetic variations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is essential for understanding the role of natural selection?

<p>The population must consist of genetically distinct individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of evolution replace in understanding the diversity of life?

<p>The notion that species were specially created in the recent past (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of evolution is often misrepresented?

<p>It results in organisms becoming increasingly complex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the early stages of life likely included in the evolutionary process?

<p>Formation of complex structures with an internal environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way are adaptations in evolution described?

<p>They vary based on the environmental context and reproduction needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do effective reproducers gain advantage according to the principles of natural selection?

<p>By producing more viable offspring than less effective reproducers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mutations leading to antibiotic resistance is true?

<p>Antibiotic-resistant genes were always present in the bacterial population at low frequency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary reason some religious leaders reject the theory of evolution?

<p>It dismisses the role of a deity in creation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the arguments against evolution by religious leaders change over time?

<p>They shifted to claim that evolution is controversial among biologists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of scientists polled in 2009 believed in evolution?

<p>97% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the publication of papers contradicting evolution?

<p>There are no papers published in peer-reviewed journals that contradict it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily rejects the theory of evolution according to the content?

<p>Engineers and chemists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the theory of evolution?

<p>It is widely rejected by the scientific community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for skepticism about evolution among certain scientists?

<p>The belief that species do not evolve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What support exists for the theory of evolution among major religious denominations?

<p>Many support its acceptance as compatible with their beliefs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene Duplication

A mutation where a gene is copied, creating extra copies within the genome.

Protein Function Evolution

New protein functions often arise after gene duplication. One copy keeps the original function; the other copy is modified for a new function.

Species Definition

A group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms producing fertile offspring.

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species due to geographic isolation of populations.

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Speciation

The formation of two species from one original species.

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Hybrid Offspring

Offspring produced by parents of different species.

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Interbreeding

The ability of different organisms to mate and produce fertile offspring.

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Adaptive Radiation

A rapid diversification of species from a common ancestor in response to new environmental opportunities.

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Reproductive Isolation

The inability of two populations to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Prezygotic Mechanisms

Barriers to reproduction that occur before fertilization.

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Postzygotic Mechanisms

Barriers to reproduction that occur after fertilization.

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Gene Flow

The movement of genes between populations.

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Geographic Isolation

Separation of populations by physical barriers like rivers or mountains.

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Reduced Fertility

Hybrid offspring are unable to reproduce or produce viable offspring.

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Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species within the same geographic area, without physical separation.

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Cichlid Fish Speciation

A well-studied example of sympatric speciation where cichlid fish in Lake Victoria have diversified into hundreds of species.

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Host Jump

A change in the species that an organism uses for food or reproduction.

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Apple Maggot Flies

A classic example of sympatric speciation where apple maggot flies have evolved different host preferences.

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Morphological Differences

Changes in the physical appearance or structure of an organism that can contribute to speciation.

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Genetic Differences

Accumulation of changes in the DNA sequence over time, which can drive speciation.

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Food Source Specialization

When species evolve to specialize in utilizing different food sources, it can lead to sympatric speciation.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing on those traits to their offspring.

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Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce in the presence of antibiotics, often due to mutations in their genes.

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Evolution is Not Goal Directed

Evolution does not have a predetermined path or strive for perfection. It's driven by random changes and the environment.

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Fitness

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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Adaptability

The ability of a species to change its traits over time in response to environmental changes.

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Evolutionary Controversies

The theory of evolution faced initial resistance from scientists and religious leaders, but was widely accepted within a short time.

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Special Creation

The belief that species were created independently by a supernatural being.

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Diversity of Life

The vast array of different species found on Earth, explained by evolution and natural selection.

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Abiotic Synthesis

The formation of organic molecules (like carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides) from inorganic precursors.

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Pre-Cell

A hypothetical structure that preceded the first true cells, with a boundary layer separating an internal environment from the external world.

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RNA World Hypothesis

The theory that RNA, not DNA, was the primary genetic material in early life.

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Natural Selection in Early Life

The process where more effective reproducers (entities with better inheritance mechanisms) increase in frequency, leading to the development of life.

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Organism's Evolution vs. Population's Evolution

A change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations, not individual organisms.

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Intentional Evolution

Evolutionary change is not intentional, but a consequence of natural selection acting on existing variations.

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Pre-Existing Variation

Natural selection only works on existing variations within a population, not variations that arise in response to a change.

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Natural Selection's Role in Evolution

Natural selection acts on existing variations within a population, favoring traits that increase reproductive success.

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Evolutionary Theory Acceptance

The majority of scientists, especially biologists, accept the theory of evolution. There's strong scientific evidence and consensus supporting this theory.

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Evolution's Explanatory Power

Evolutionary theory explains various phenomena in the natural world, including the diversity of life and geological changes, making it a compelling framework.

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Religious Rejection of Evolution

Some religious leaders reject evolution due to its conflict with their belief in special creation, which they consider the origin of life.

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Evolutionary Evidence

Evolution is not based on speculation. It's supported by a large body of scientific evidence, including fossils, genetic data, and observations of natural selection.

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Scientific Skepticism

Science thrives on skepticism. Scientists rigorously test and challenge ideas, including evolutionary theory, with the aim of finding evidence or refuting claims.

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Scientific Consensus

Scientific consensus means that the majority of experts in a field agree on a theory or explanation. Evolution has strong consensus among biologists.

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Evolution's Impact on Theology

While some religious leaders reject evolution, many denominations accept evolution as compatible with their religious beliefs, suggesting a growing understanding of the coexistence of science and faith.

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Study Notes

Evolutionary Adaptations

  • Organisms in similar environments may develop similar traits, even if they aren't closely related.
  • This is driven by similar selective pressures.
  • Examples include the arctic fox and ptarmigan, both having white winter coats to blend in with the snow.

Embryology and Evidence of Relatedness

  • Embryological development can show shared ancestry.
  • Embryos of different species often share similar structures, which may disappear as they develop.
  • For instance, vertebrate embryos exhibit gill slits initially, which disappear in terrestrial vertebrates but persist in aquatic species.

Biogeography and Evolution

  • The geographic distribution of organisms is influenced by evolution and the movement of tectonic plates.
  • Groups that evolved before Pangaea's breakup are widespread.
  • Subsequent groups are often restricted to specific regions (e.g., unique flora and fauna of northern and southern continents).
  • The presence of Proteaceae in Australia, southern Africa and South America suggests their evolutionary presence before the supercontinent broke apart.

Molecular Biology

  • Similarity in DNA sequences reflects common ancestry.
  • The universality of DNA, genetic code, and the machinery of DNA replication and expression supports the shared ancestry of all life.
  • Similarities in DNA sequences show how organisms are related.
  • New functions for proteins often arise after gene duplication.

Speciation

  • Speciation is the formation of new species.
  • Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is geographically isolated, leading to independent evolution.
  • Sympatric speciation occurs within a population, without geographic isolation.
  • Polyploidy (extra sets of chromosomes) can lead to sympatric speciation.
  • Autopolyploidy (multiple chromosomes from the same species) and allopolyploidy (different species) result in increased chromosome sets, leading to reproductive isolation.

Speciation through Geographic Isolation

  • A geographically continuous population has a homogeneous gene pool where allele flow is relatively free.
  • Geographic separation prevents allele flow, leading to independent evolution of different populations.
  • Environmental differences (climate, resources, predators) can drive divergent adaptations between isolated populations.
  • Genetic drift, enhanced by smaller population sizes, contributes to divergence.
  • Divergent traits over time (reproductive isolation, behavioural differences) lead to speciation.

Common Misconceptions About Evolution

  • Evolution isn't about individual organisms changing. Individuals inherit genetic traits but populations change over generations when certain alleles become more frequent due to natural selection.
  • Evolution is not progressive; fitter is meaningless in relation to the environment.

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Chapter 11b Evolution and Its Processes PDF

Description

Explore the principles of evolutionary adaptations, embryology, and biogeography. This quiz will cover how similar environments lead to similar traits among organisms, the embryological evidence of relatedness, and the geographic distribution shaped by evolutionary processes. Test your understanding of these fascinating topics in evolutionary biology.

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