Evolutionary Biology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is necessary to demonstrate that a trait is adaptive?

  • Demonstrating that the trait is complex and has evolved slowly.
  • Showing that the trait increases fitness in its original environment.
  • Finding the function of the adaptation and proving it increases fitness in its current environment. (correct)
  • Establishing that the trait has been preserved in multiple species.

Adaptations must always be complex structures.

False (B)

What method uses environmental swaps to assess adaptation in different populations?

Reciprocal transplant

Complex adaptations can evolve in __________ steps.

<p>gradual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods with their descriptions:

<p>Quantifying selection = Understanding frequency of traits due to selection advantage Reciprocal transplant = Swapping environmental contexts to study adaptability Comparative method = Correlating trait differences with selective agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains how complex adaptations can arise?

<p>They can be co-opted from existing structures and evolve through advantageous steps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can produce complex adaptations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exaptation in the context of evolution?

<p>The process where existing structures evolve to serve new functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of testing ecologically-dependent postzygotic isolation?

<p>To determine the effect of environment on hybrid fitness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systematics consists of two components: taxonomy and morphology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproductive barrier occurs before fertilization?

<p>Prezygotic barriers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using binomial nomenclature?

<p>It provides a unique name for each species combining the genus and species names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ traits are similar due to shared ancestry, while ___ traits are similar due to shared environments.

<p>Homologous; Analogous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postzygotic barriers are effective at preventing species from mating.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Taxonomy = Science of naming organisms Phylogenetics = Study of evolutionary relationships Systematics = Classifying organisms Phylogenetic tree = Diagram showing relationships of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of the Biological Species Concept (BSC).

<p>It allows for the understanding of reproductive compatibility between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a prezygotic barrier is ____ isolation.

<p>temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis is proposed regarding the fitness of hybrids in a reciprocal transplant experiment?

<p>Hybrids will have lower fitness compared to parent populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the prezygotic barriers to their descriptions:

<p>Habitat isolation = Populations living in different environments Temporal isolation = Different mating seasons or times Behavioral isolation = Differences in mating rituals or behaviors Mechanical isolation = Incompatible reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can lead to the evolution of analogous traits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who created the system of binomial nomenclature?

<p>Carl Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the Morphological Species Concept?

<p>It may miss cryptic species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ecological species concept can be applied to asexual taxa.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of isolation occurs when genitalia are not compatible?

<p>Mechanical isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of indeterminate growth in plants?

<p>Maximized exposure to nutrients and sunlight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sporophyte generation is dominant in most plants, while the gametophyte generation is larger.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heterospory refer to in plants?

<p>The production of two different-sized spores in the same plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In diploid plants, guard cells have a ploidy level of _____

<p>2C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant structures with their corresponding ploidy levels:

<p>Guard Cells = 2C Tetraploid plants = 4C Octoploid plants = 8C Pavement Cells = Varies with ploidy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of vascularization in plants?

<p>Increases structural support and growth potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenotypic plasticity refers to an organism's ability to adapt its structure in response to environmental stress.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of producing more variations through heterospory?

<p>It aids in natural selection and increases chances of successful offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures evolved from gill arches in gnathostomes?

<p>Jaws (A), Middle ear bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Configurable strike versions and relatively low compute_server settings is a capability of amniotes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lungs in early tetrapods?

<p>To adapt to breathing in air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tetrapods have evolved a type of skin that is resistant to desiccation to reduce water loss, known as __________ skin.

<p>keratinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the key innovation of tetrapods with its description:

<p>Lungs = Adaptation for breathing air Limbs with digits = Support against gravity Sturdier skeleton = Resist gravity and support body Desiccation-resistant skin = Protection from drying out</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the group Osteichthyes?

<p>Bony skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amniotes are defined by the presence of lungs and paired fins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ structures in early vertebrates evolved from diffusion for gas exchange in water.

<p>gill rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT associated with Amniota?

<p>Limbs with digits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ichthyostega has fully formed limbs with digits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps tetrapods with locomotion on land?

<p>Sturdier skeleton and limbs with digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of __________ in birds, originally for insulation, was later co-opted for flight.

<p>feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following key innovations with their respective clades:

<p>Amniotic egg = Amniota Lungs = Tetrapoda Limbs with digits = Stegocephalians Feathers = Aves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is specifically linked to the challenge of desiccation for tetrapods on land?

<p>Keratinized skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eurapsida is defined by traits like external fertilization and endothermy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define exaptation in the context of evolutionary biology.

<p>A feature that originally evolved for one purpose but later became co-opted for a different function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prezygotic Barriers

Reproductive barriers preventing fertilization, either by hindering mating attempts or preventing fertilization itself.

Postzygotic Barriers

Reproductive barriers reducing the survival or reproductive success of hybrid offspring.

Reproductive Isolation

Barriers preventing interbreeding between species, leading to the formation of new species.

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

Defines species as groups that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.

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Morphological Species Concept

Species defined by similar physical characteristics.

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Habitat Isolation

Different habitats prevent interactions between members of the same species.

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Temporal Isolation

Reproducing at different times prevents interbreeding.

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Behavioral Isolation

Different courtship rituals isolate species.

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Misleading Adaptations

Adaptations that lead to incorrect conclusions about the relationship between a trait and its environment.

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Adaptive Trait Criteria

Demonstrate the trait's function in increasing fitness within a specific environment.

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Comparative Method (Adaptation)

Correlates trait differences among species with variation in a presumed selective agent.

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Reciprocal Transplant

A method of evaluating adaptation by swapping environments of groups to see how they fare.

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Quantifying Selection

Measure how favorable traits increase in frequency due to their advantage.

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Adaptation Complexity

Adaptations don't need to be intricate; natural selection can create complex ones.

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Complex Adaptation Evolution

Complex adaptations can arise through incremental, advantageous steps.

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Exaptation in Complex Adaptations

Existing structures or pathways can be repurposed for new functions during adaptation.

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Ecological Speciation

Speciation driven by ecological factors, like different environments or resources.

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Postzygotic Isolation

Reproductive isolation that occurs after the formation of a hybrid zygote.

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Systematics

Classifying organisms and studying their evolutionary relationships through taxonomy and phylogenetics.

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Taxonomy

The science of naming and classifying organisms.

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Phylogenetics

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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Homologous Trait

Similar traits shared by organisms due to a common ancestor.

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Analogous Trait

Similar traits found in organisms from different lineages due to similar environments.

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Gill Arches in Early Vertebrates

Cartilaginous or fibrous structures supporting gills for respiration in early vertebrates.

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Gill Arches in Gnathostomes

The first pair of gill arches evolved into jaws, while the second pair became middle ear bones in jawed vertebrates.

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Gill Rods: From Fish to Land

Structures enabling gas exchange in fish, but evolved out in land animals.

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Tetrapod Limbs: Walking on Land

Limbs with digits supporting the body against gravity and enabling walking or crawling.

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Sturdier Skeleton for Land

A skeleton designed to resist gravity and hold the body upright, transferring weight from limbs to the rest of the body.

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Lungs for Breathing Air

Lung development allowed for breathing air and adapting to low-oxygen water environments.

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Desiccation-Resistant Skin

Keratinized skin protects tetrapods from drying out, reducing water loss and aiding cutaneous respiration.

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Tetrapod Ears: Hearing on Land

A tympanum (eardrum) and middle ear allow tetrapods to hear airborne sounds, providing crucial information about their surroundings.

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Indeterminate Growth

Plant growth where the main stem continuously elongates without a defined end point, allowing for adaptation to resources and environmental changes.

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Consequences of Indeterminate Growth

Benefits include increased survival and reproduction, flexibility in responding to stress (phenotypic plasticity), and greater competitive edge. It also allows for varying growth and maturation times depending on environment.

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What is 'Reduction of the Gametophyte'?

An evolutionary trend towards a smaller, less independent gametophyte generation in plants. The sporophyte generation (diploid) becomes dominant.

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Ploidy Level in Plants

The number of chromosome sets in a plant's somatic cells, indicating the level of genetic material.

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How does Ploidy Level Affect Plant Structure?

Polyploid plants (multiple chromosome sets) tend to have larger cells, leading to larger overall plant size in leaves, stems, roots, and flowers.

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Importance of Vascularization in Plants

The presence of specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant, supporting growth and long-distance communication.

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Advantages of Heterospory

The production of two different-sized spores within the same plant, leading to greater reproductive success and variability.

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Heterospory: How does it work?

Larger spores (megaspores) develop into female gametophytes, producing eggs, while smaller spores (microspores) develop into male gametophytes, producing sperm.

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Tetrapoda

The clade encompassing all four-limbed vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key features include limbs with digits, a sturdier skeleton with a pelvic and pectoral girdle, a neck allowing head mobility, and lungs for breathing.

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Stegocephalians

An extinct group within Tetrapoda that had limbs with digits adapted specifically for terrestrial locomotion. They were the first vertebrates to successfully transition to life on land.

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Amniota

A clade of vertebrates characterized by the amniotic egg, which provides a protective and nourishing environment for the embryo, allowing them to reproduce away from water. Other key features include waterproof skin, internal fertilization, and efficient kidneys.

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Eurapsida

A clade that includes reptiles, birds, and dinosaurs. Key features include endothermy – maintaining a stable internal body temperature – and a highly efficient respiratory system, which allows for higher metabolic rates and energy requirements for flight or other physically demanding activities.

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Gravity and Support

Tetrapods evolved a sturdier skeleton with limbs with digits and pelvic and pectoral girdles to support their weight on land and overcome the force of gravity.

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Desiccation (Water Loss)

To prevent water loss in a drier environment, tetrapods developed keratinized skin for waterproofing, the amniotic egg for embryonic development, and efficient kidneys for water retention.

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Respiration

Tetrapods evolved lungs, a rib cage, and a diaphragm to efficiently extract oxygen from the air and allow for gas exchange.

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Exaptation

A feature or trait that originally evolved for one purpose, but later became co-opted for a different function. For example, feathers in birds initially evolved for insulation but were later adapted for flight.

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Study Notes

Topic 1: The Scientific Method

  • Science is the systematic study of the physical and natural world.
  • The scientific method uses observation, experimentation, and the testing of theories against evidence.
  • It's crucial for forming theories based on the world around us.

Types of Science and Reasoning

  • Descriptive science characterizes patterns and similarities, often prompting hypothesis testing.
  • Hypothesis-testing focuses on causal explanations and providing direction for further inquiry.

Hypothesis, Prediction, and Theory

  • A hypothesis is a testable explanation for a pattern, requiring refutability.
  • A prediction states the expected outcome if the hypothesis is true.
  • A theory is a scientifically acceptable explanation for a phenomenon.

Science and Hypothesis Testing

  • Science progresses by rejecting hypotheses, not proving them.
  • Observing predictions supports hypotheses but never definitively proves them.

Science vs. Non-science

  • Science is a systematic and empirical approach to studying the natural world.
  • Knowledge in science is based on evidence, minimizes error, and avoids bias.

Confounding Variables and Controls

  • Confounding variables are additional, often unknown factors that can influence observations.
  • Controls in manipulative studies help address confounding variables.

Inferential Strength and Extrapolation

  • Inferential strength represents how strongly results support conclusions.
  • Manipulative studies generally have higher strength than observational ones.
  • Extrapolation, estimating from existing trends, lowers inferential strength.

Four Requirements for Science

  • Scientific knowledge is rational and is based on evidence
  • Scientists must remain skeptical of hypotheses and evidence.
  • Objectivity and unbiased considerations are essential to scientific methodology.
  • Scientific inquiry must adhere to materialistic principles, limiting assumptions to the observable world.

Evolution of Human Skin Color

  • Geographic variation of skin color is due to environmental pressures.
  • Melanin protects against UV damage and folate breakdown.
  • Skin color's evolutionary shift was a result of trade-offs between UV protection and folate synthesis.

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Learning Objectives: Biology 1130

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in evolutionary biology, including adaptation, natural selection, exaptation, and reproductive barriers. This quiz will assess your knowledge of systematics and the significance of binomial nomenclature. Join to find out how well you grasp these fundamental principles of evolution.

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