Evolutionary Biology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is necessary to demonstrate that a trait is adaptive?

  • Demonstrating that the trait is complex and has evolved slowly.
  • Showing that the trait increases fitness in its original environment.
  • Finding the function of the adaptation and proving it increases fitness in its current environment. (correct)
  • Establishing that the trait has been preserved in multiple species.

    • Adaptations must always be complex structures.

    False

    What method uses environmental swaps to assess adaptation in different populations?

    Reciprocal transplant

    Complex adaptations can evolve in __________ steps.

    <p>gradual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Quantifying selection = Understanding frequency of traits due to selection advantage Reciprocal transplant = Swapping environmental contexts to study adaptability Comparative method = Correlating trait differences with selective agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains how complex adaptations can arise?

    <p>They can be co-opted from existing structures and evolve through advantageous steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection can produce complex adaptations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is exaptation in the context of evolution?

    <p>The process where existing structures evolve to serve new functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of testing ecologically-dependent postzygotic isolation?

    <p>To determine the effect of environment on hybrid fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systematics consists of two components: taxonomy and morphology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproductive barrier occurs before fertilization?

    <p>Prezygotic barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using binomial nomenclature?

    <p>It provides a unique name for each species combining the genus and species names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ traits are similar due to shared ancestry, while ___ traits are similar due to shared environments.

    <p>Homologous; Analogous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Postzygotic barriers are effective at preventing species from mating.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Taxonomy = Science of naming organisms Phylogenetics = Study of evolutionary relationships Systematics = Classifying organisms Phylogenetic tree = Diagram showing relationships of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of the Biological Species Concept (BSC).

    <p>It allows for the understanding of reproductive compatibility between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a prezygotic barrier is ____ isolation.

    <p>temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis is proposed regarding the fitness of hybrids in a reciprocal transplant experiment?

    <p>Hybrids will have lower fitness compared to parent populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the prezygotic barriers to their descriptions:

    <p>Habitat isolation = Populations living in different environments Temporal isolation = Different mating seasons or times Behavioral isolation = Differences in mating rituals or behaviors Mechanical isolation = Incompatible reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection can lead to the evolution of analogous traits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the system of binomial nomenclature?

    <p>Carl Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the Morphological Species Concept?

    <p>It may miss cryptic species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecological species concept can be applied to asexual taxa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isolation occurs when genitalia are not compatible?

    <p>Mechanical isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of indeterminate growth in plants?

    <p>Maximized exposure to nutrients and sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sporophyte generation is dominant in most plants, while the gametophyte generation is larger.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does heterospory refer to in plants?

    <p>The production of two different-sized spores in the same plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diploid plants, guard cells have a ploidy level of _____

    <p>2C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their corresponding ploidy levels:

    <p>Guard Cells = 2C Tetraploid plants = 4C Octoploid plants = 8C Pavement Cells = Varies with ploidy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of vascularization in plants?

    <p>Increases structural support and growth potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phenotypic plasticity refers to an organism's ability to adapt its structure in response to environmental stress.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of producing more variations through heterospory?

    <p>It aids in natural selection and increases chances of successful offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures evolved from gill arches in gnathostomes?

    <p>Jaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Configurable strike versions and relatively low compute_server settings is a capability of amniotes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lungs in early tetrapods?

    <p>To adapt to breathing in air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetrapods have evolved a type of skin that is resistant to desiccation to reduce water loss, known as __________ skin.

    <p>keratinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key innovation of tetrapods with its description:

    <p>Lungs = Adaptation for breathing air Limbs with digits = Support against gravity Sturdier skeleton = Resist gravity and support body Desiccation-resistant skin = Protection from drying out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines the group Osteichthyes?

    <p>Bony skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amniotes are defined by the presence of lungs and paired fins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ structures in early vertebrates evolved from diffusion for gas exchange in water.

    <p>gill rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT associated with Amniota?

    <p>Limbs with digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ichthyostega has fully formed limbs with digits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation helps tetrapods with locomotion on land?

    <p>Sturdier skeleton and limbs with digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evolution of __________ in birds, originally for insulation, was later co-opted for flight.

    <p>feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key innovations with their respective clades:

    <p>Amniotic egg = Amniota Lungs = Tetrapoda Limbs with digits = Stegocephalians Feathers = Aves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation is specifically linked to the challenge of desiccation for tetrapods on land?

    <p>Keratinized skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eurapsida is defined by traits like external fertilization and endothermy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define exaptation in the context of evolutionary biology.

    <p>A feature that originally evolved for one purpose but later became co-opted for a different function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topic 1: The Scientific Method

    • Science is the systematic study of the physical and natural world.
    • The scientific method uses observation, experimentation, and the testing of theories against evidence.
    • It's crucial for forming theories based on the world around us.

    Types of Science and Reasoning

    • Descriptive science characterizes patterns and similarities, often prompting hypothesis testing.
    • Hypothesis-testing focuses on causal explanations and providing direction for further inquiry.

    Hypothesis, Prediction, and Theory

    • A hypothesis is a testable explanation for a pattern, requiring refutability.
    • A prediction states the expected outcome if the hypothesis is true.
    • A theory is a scientifically acceptable explanation for a phenomenon.

    Science and Hypothesis Testing

    • Science progresses by rejecting hypotheses, not proving them.
    • Observing predictions supports hypotheses but never definitively proves them.

    Science vs. Non-science

    • Science is a systematic and empirical approach to studying the natural world.
    • Knowledge in science is based on evidence, minimizes error, and avoids bias.

    Confounding Variables and Controls

    • Confounding variables are additional, often unknown factors that can influence observations.
    • Controls in manipulative studies help address confounding variables.

    Inferential Strength and Extrapolation

    • Inferential strength represents how strongly results support conclusions.
    • Manipulative studies generally have higher strength than observational ones.
    • Extrapolation, estimating from existing trends, lowers inferential strength.

    Four Requirements for Science

    • Scientific knowledge is rational and is based on evidence
    • Scientists must remain skeptical of hypotheses and evidence.
    • Objectivity and unbiased considerations are essential to scientific methodology.
    • Scientific inquiry must adhere to materialistic principles, limiting assumptions to the observable world.

    Evolution of Human Skin Color

    • Geographic variation of skin color is due to environmental pressures.
    • Melanin protects against UV damage and folate breakdown.
    • Skin color's evolutionary shift was a result of trade-offs between UV protection and folate synthesis.

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    Learning Objectives: Biology 1130

    Description

    Test your understanding of key concepts in evolutionary biology, including adaptation, natural selection, exaptation, and reproductive barriers. This quiz will assess your knowledge of systematics and the significance of binomial nomenclature. Join to find out how well you grasp these fundamental principles of evolution.

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