Evolutionary Adaptiveness and Human Psychology
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Which of the following is NOT a feature that signals youthfulness in women?

  • Prominent Cheekbones (correct)
  • Large Eyes
  • Full Lips
  • Small Chin
  • According to the passage, which of these reasons best explains men's attraction to younger women?

  • Men believe that women are more intelligent as they age.
  • Men seek women who are more likely to be submissive and obedient.
  • Men are genetically predisposed to find features associated with youth and fertility attractive. (correct)
  • Younger women are more likely to have a larger social circle, which benefits men.
  • What is the evolutionary explanation for men's preference for neoteny in women?

  • Neoteny signals a higher social status, making the woman desirable in a patriarchal society.
  • Neoteny is a learned behavior, making it culturally specific and not biologically driven.
  • Neoteny is a sign of fertility and reproductive potential, leading to a greater chance of offspring. (correct)
  • Neoteny indicates a higher level of intelligence and creativity in women.
  • How does makeup align with evolutionary psychology regarding men's attraction to women?

    <p>Makeup exaggerates facial features associated with youthfulness and fertility, amplifying the cues men find attractive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of sexual conflict in relationships, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Differences in religious beliefs and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a woman's preference for a partner change as she ages?

    <p>Women place more importance on qualities like maturity, compatibility, and intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in sexual desire between men and women according to the passage?

    <p>Men are more likely to desire multiple partners, whereas women are more comfortable with a single partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following situations would be considered a source of conflict between the sexes, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>A man being less interested in commitment than his partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding men's perspectives on one-night stands?

    <p>Men are more likely to view a one-night stand as an opportunity or test for a potential future partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which of the following is a reason why men may be more inclined to engage in short-term mating compared to women?

    <p>Men have a greater evolutionary benefit from short-term mating due to the ability to father multiple offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The passage states that men's motivations for engaging in affairs are often driven by:

    <p>The opportunity presented and the belief that they can get away with it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding women's motives for engaging in short-term mating?

    <p>They generally view short-term relationships as a means to explore their options for a long-term partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of relationships, what is the difference between men and women's approach to attractiveness?

    <p>Attractive men tend to use their attractiveness for short-term relationships, while attractive women leverage their attractiveness for long-term relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about women's behavior in affairs is TRUE, according to the text?

    <p>Their affairs typically stem from dissatisfaction with their existing relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is a key evolutionary advantage men have that might motivate them towards short-term mating?

    <p>Their ability to father multiple children simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text that influences men's greater inclination towards short-term mating?

    <p>Stronger emotional attachments with partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Parental Investment Theory, which factor primarily influences mate selectivity?

    <p>The degree of resources and energy invested in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Parental Investment Theory explain differences in mating strategies between males and females?

    <p>Females generally have a higher parental investment, leading them to be more selective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main prediction of Parental Investment Theory regarding male competition?

    <p>Males will exhibit higher levels of competition for mating opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept did Robert Trivers introduce to explain observed differences between males and females in the animal kingdom?

    <p>Parental Investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Parental Investment Theory, what is the likely outcome when one sex invests substantially more in offspring?

    <p>Increased mate selectivity in the higher-investing sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a potential outcome of a significant difference in parental investment between sexes?

    <p>Increased competition for mates among the lower-investing sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Parental Investment Theory view the role of elaborate traits (e.g., ornamentation) in males?

    <p>They are signals used to attract choosy females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implications does Parental Investment Theory have for understanding human behavior?

    <p>It explains mate competition and sexual jealousy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobes?

    <p>Planning, executive function, and social intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspects of early human life in the African savannah likely drove the evolutionary expansion of the frontal lobes?

    <p>The need for advanced problem-solving, cooperation, and planning for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Neanderthal brain structure differ from that of early humans, despite having a larger overall brain size?

    <p>Neanderthals had less pronounced frontal regions, potentially impacting social intelligence and adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the brain-to-body size ratio indicate regarding intelligence across species?

    <p>It is a strong indicator of intelligence, but intelligence also depends on brain specialization and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Mismatch Theory' in the context of human evolution?

    <p>The concept that human evolutionary adaptations are not well-suited to the rapidly changing modern environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concept of 'evolutionary time lag' important when considering the 'Mismatch Theory'?

    <p>Because it highlights that evolution is a slow, gradual process that cannot keep pace with rapid environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the provided content, which of the following scenarios exemplifies the 'Mismatch Theory'?

    <p>The human tendency to crave sugary and fatty foods, which were scarce in ancestral environments but are now readily available, leading to health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information, what is a primary reason why humans outcompeted Neanderthals despite Neanderthals having larger brains?

    <p>Humans had more advanced language capabilities, fostering better cooperation and planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the class data presented, what unexpected finding was observed regarding men's preferences?

    <p>Men ranked intelligence as more important than women did.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consistent cross-cultural trend was observed regarding the importance of good looks in mate preferences?

    <p>Men consistently ranked good looks as more important than women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary critique of the evolutionary psychology perspective concerning mate preferences?

    <p>It tends to emphasize differences between genders while understating shared priorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes women's prioritization of earning potential in mate preferences?

    <p>Women consistently prioritize earning potential, regardless of their own income or level of gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the data, how does improved gender equality impact women's preference for earning potential in a mate?

    <p>It has no discernible impact on the preference for earning potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following potentially explains women's prioritization of earning potential, besides evolutionary factors?

    <p>Women prioritize earning potential due to systematic gender-based economic disadvantages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the prediction regarding the preference for earning potential if economic parity reduces this preference?

    <p>The preference for earning potential should diminish in gender-equal countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement summarizes the main takeaways regarding sex differences and cultural consistency?

    <p>Men prioritize good looks more than women, a consistent trend across cultures, while both sexes also share preferences like kindness and intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences in mate preferences according to the information presented?

    <p>Men and women are more alike than different in their mate preferences, with significant overlap in top traits, but some differences in ranking exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information, what is the primary difference in how men and women perceive humor in a romantic partner?

    <p>Women primarily want a partner who makes them laugh, while men seek a partner who appreciates their comedic sense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information, which of the following traits were ranked highly by both men and women in the class data?

    <p>Kindness and honesty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the degree of sexual dimorphism in humans compare to that of other apes?

    <p>Human sexual dimorphism is smaller compared to that of other apes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the information suggest about the distribution of cognitive abilities between sexes?

    <p>Cognitive abilities show overlapping distributions between sexes, with small average differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Lippa's study (2007) and the class results indicate overall about mate preferences of men and women??

    <p>Men and women are more alike than different in mate preferences, with significant overlap in top traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the emphasis placed on physical traits in mate preferences?

    <p>Men consistently prioritize good looks more than women in mate preferences across various countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could explain the differences observed between the UBC class data and Lippa's study in regards to mate preferences?

    <p>The differences may reflect shifts in cultural values or sociability norms in different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA)

    • EEA refers to the specific environmental conditions that shaped a species' adaptations
    • It explains why certain traits evolved in response to environmental challenges and needs
    • Factors in the EEA include food availability, climate, social structures and predators

    Examples of Adaptations

    • Fins in Whales: Whales evolved fins due to the need to navigate water efficiently
    • Eyes in Animals: Eyes evolved independently in multiple species due to the presence of light

    EEA of Human Psychology

    • The EEA refers to the conditions in which human psychological traits evolved
    • Identifying when traits emerged can reveal the environmental pressures that shaped them
    • Human brains' massive changes over evolutionary time are contextually explained by the EEA

    Biological Changes in Humans: Brain Expansion

    • Human brains expanded dramatically in evolutionary terms.
    • Our closest relative, chimpanzees, have brains around 350 cubic centimeters
    • Modern humans have brains averaging 1,450 cubic centimeters
    • Most significant brain growth occurred between 2 and 6 million years ago, with the steepest rise in the last 2 million years

    Changes in Brain Shape

    • Human skulls evolved with a higher forehead and a more rounded shape, contrasting with flatter skulls of early ancestors.
    • This change reflects an expansion of specific brain regions like frontal lobes

    Frontal Lobe Development

    • Frontal lobes are responsible for planning, high-level thinking, executive function and social intelligence
    • The other brain areas, like the occipital lobe, responsible for sensory input did not grow as significantly during human evolution.

    Role of EEA in Brain Expansion

    • The environmental and social pressures that early humans faced, such as hunting and gathering, cooperation, and survival in small groups, likely drove the expansion of their brains and associated cognitive abilities

    Neanderthals and Human Brain Comparisons

    • Neanderthals had even larger brains (1,550-1,600 cubic centimeters) than early humans, but their brain anatomy varied.
    • Despite the larger brain size, anatomical differences, social intelligence and adaptability contributed to the eventual outcompeting of Neanderthals by humans

    Mismatch Theory

    • Explains the disconnect between human adaptations of the past and rapid changes in modern environments
    • Evolution is too slow to keep up with changing conditions
    • This creates "mismatches" between evolved traits and lifestyles

    Evolutionary Time Lag

    • Evolution takes several generations to produce significant genetic changes

    Evolutionary Background

    • Humans evolved in small, close-knit groups (50-200 individuals)
    • Nomadic lifestyle, relying on food sources in frequently changing environments
    • Faced scarcity, necessitating resourceful and efficient energy storage, and close-knit social interactions.

    Modern Environment

    • Development of agriculture and technology accelerated changes in the human environment.
    • This rapid change creates environmental mismatches
    • Modern lifestyles and urbanization differ significantly from the environment in which humans evolved.

    Examples of Mismatch

    • Diet and Cravings: Evolution favored cravings for calorie-rich foods when they were scarce, but modern environments make these foods readily available, leading to health problems.
    • Social Interaction: Modern, intricate social networks—online and in person—can stress our brains, which are not adapted to this kind of magnitude of interaction and comparisons.
    • Stress Responses: Modern stressors, like work or societal pressures, trigger the same fight-or-flight responses as the immediate threats our ancestors faced but often without resolution.
    • Cognitive Challenges: Humans struggle with processing complex societal challenges since these tasks are very different from the kind of survival problems humans evolved to solve.

    Small Changes Over Time

    • Lactose tolerance: Populations that domesticated milk-producing animals developed lactose tolerance.
    • Spleen Adaptations: Some human populations have developed spleen adaptations for increased diving ability.
    • Vision Correction: Glasses and contact lenses mitigate the disadvantage of poor eyesight.

    Addiction and Behavioral Traits

    • Exposure to addictive substances for many generations may lead to increased tolerance.

    Art and Creativity

    • Artistic expression may be a by-product of other complex traits, like pattern recognition

    Evolutionary Timeframes

    • Major physical changes require thousands of generations under persistent selective pressure

    Sex and Sex Differences

    • Evolutionary success hinges on survival and reproduction
    • Reproduction is complex; involving selection of mates who will increase survival chances for offspring

    Sexual Motivation and Behavior

    • Males are often more driven to compete for mates
    • Females are typically more selective

    Parental Investment

    • Parental investment refers to resources a parent allocates to raise offspring
    • Females typically invest more in offspring, leading to greater mate selectivity
    • Males often have lower parental investment, leading to more competition

    Sexual Selection and Mating Strategies

    • Differences in parental investment lead to differences in mate selection strategies
    • Males often exhibit more elaborate traits to attract females
    • Females tend to be more selective and prioritize traits signaling good genes and resources

    The Sexual Division of Labor in Reproductive Costs

    • Parenting costs: Energy, resources, and effort put into raising offspring; primarily borne by females.
    • Mating costs: Effort put into finding and securing a mate; primarily borne by males.

    Biological Continuity

    • Aggression and dominance behaviors likely derive from a common evolutionary ancestor

    Cultural Reinvention Hypothesis

    • Humans are culturally shaped blank slates
    • The substantial consistency of gender differences across multiple species would appear to contradict or weaken this account.

    Interaction of Biology and Culture

    • Human aggression—both patterns and cultural expressions—are shaped by a complex interplay between biological predispositions and cultural influences.

    Sex Differences in Earning Potential

    • Women prioritize earning potential in partners
    • This preference is consistent across cultures and levels of gender equality
    • Underlying reasons may include historical economic disparities, evolutionary factors and a potential offset for gender disadvantages.

    Sex Differences in Age Preferences

    • Men generally prefer younger women
    • Women generally prefer slightly older men or men near their own age

    Why Do Men Like Younger Women?

    • Evolutionary explanation points to links between women's facial symmetry and perceived youthfulness and fertility, which are attractive to men.

    Sources of Sexual Conflict in Relationships

    • Sex differences in desires related to short-term versus long-term relationships and sexual novelty

    The Eerie Fact About Affairs

    • Men and women's levels of happiness are not noticeably different whether or not they had experienced an extramarital affair.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA) and its influence on species adaptations, particularly in humans. It delves into examples of adaptations and discusses the evolutionary pressures that shaped human psychological traits and brain expansion. Test your understanding of these crucial evolutionary concepts.

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