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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a feature that signals youthfulness in women?
Which of the following is NOT a feature that signals youthfulness in women?
According to the passage, which of these reasons best explains men's attraction to younger women?
According to the passage, which of these reasons best explains men's attraction to younger women?
What is the evolutionary explanation for men's preference for neoteny in women?
What is the evolutionary explanation for men's preference for neoteny in women?
How does makeup align with evolutionary psychology regarding men's attraction to women?
How does makeup align with evolutionary psychology regarding men's attraction to women?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of sexual conflict in relationships, as mentioned in the passage?
Which of the following is NOT a source of sexual conflict in relationships, as mentioned in the passage?
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How does a woman's preference for a partner change as she ages?
How does a woman's preference for a partner change as she ages?
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What is the primary difference in sexual desire between men and women according to the passage?
What is the primary difference in sexual desire between men and women according to the passage?
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Which of the following situations would be considered a source of conflict between the sexes, as mentioned in the passage?
Which of the following situations would be considered a source of conflict between the sexes, as mentioned in the passage?
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According to the provided information, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding men's perspectives on one-night stands?
According to the provided information, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding men's perspectives on one-night stands?
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Based on the text, which of the following is a reason why men may be more inclined to engage in short-term mating compared to women?
Based on the text, which of the following is a reason why men may be more inclined to engage in short-term mating compared to women?
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The passage states that men's motivations for engaging in affairs are often driven by:
The passage states that men's motivations for engaging in affairs are often driven by:
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding women's motives for engaging in short-term mating?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding women's motives for engaging in short-term mating?
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In the context of relationships, what is the difference between men and women's approach to attractiveness?
In the context of relationships, what is the difference between men and women's approach to attractiveness?
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Which of the following statements about women's behavior in affairs is TRUE, according to the text?
Which of the following statements about women's behavior in affairs is TRUE, according to the text?
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Based on the text, what is a key evolutionary advantage men have that might motivate them towards short-term mating?
Based on the text, what is a key evolutionary advantage men have that might motivate them towards short-term mating?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text that influences men's greater inclination towards short-term mating?
Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text that influences men's greater inclination towards short-term mating?
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According to Parental Investment Theory, which factor primarily influences mate selectivity?
According to Parental Investment Theory, which factor primarily influences mate selectivity?
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How does Parental Investment Theory explain differences in mating strategies between males and females?
How does Parental Investment Theory explain differences in mating strategies between males and females?
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What is the main prediction of Parental Investment Theory regarding male competition?
What is the main prediction of Parental Investment Theory regarding male competition?
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Which concept did Robert Trivers introduce to explain observed differences between males and females in the animal kingdom?
Which concept did Robert Trivers introduce to explain observed differences between males and females in the animal kingdom?
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According to Parental Investment Theory, what is the likely outcome when one sex invests substantially more in offspring?
According to Parental Investment Theory, what is the likely outcome when one sex invests substantially more in offspring?
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Which of these is a potential outcome of a significant difference in parental investment between sexes?
Which of these is a potential outcome of a significant difference in parental investment between sexes?
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How does Parental Investment Theory view the role of elaborate traits (e.g., ornamentation) in males?
How does Parental Investment Theory view the role of elaborate traits (e.g., ornamentation) in males?
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What implications does Parental Investment Theory have for understanding human behavior?
What implications does Parental Investment Theory have for understanding human behavior?
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Which of the following cognitive functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobes?
Which of the following cognitive functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobes?
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What aspects of early human life in the African savannah likely drove the evolutionary expansion of the frontal lobes?
What aspects of early human life in the African savannah likely drove the evolutionary expansion of the frontal lobes?
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How did Neanderthal brain structure differ from that of early humans, despite having a larger overall brain size?
How did Neanderthal brain structure differ from that of early humans, despite having a larger overall brain size?
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What does the brain-to-body size ratio indicate regarding intelligence across species?
What does the brain-to-body size ratio indicate regarding intelligence across species?
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What is the 'Mismatch Theory' in the context of human evolution?
What is the 'Mismatch Theory' in the context of human evolution?
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Why is the concept of 'evolutionary time lag' important when considering the 'Mismatch Theory'?
Why is the concept of 'evolutionary time lag' important when considering the 'Mismatch Theory'?
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In the context of the provided content, which of the following scenarios exemplifies the 'Mismatch Theory'?
In the context of the provided content, which of the following scenarios exemplifies the 'Mismatch Theory'?
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Based on the information, what is a primary reason why humans outcompeted Neanderthals despite Neanderthals having larger brains?
Based on the information, what is a primary reason why humans outcompeted Neanderthals despite Neanderthals having larger brains?
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Based on the class data presented, what unexpected finding was observed regarding men's preferences?
Based on the class data presented, what unexpected finding was observed regarding men's preferences?
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What consistent cross-cultural trend was observed regarding the importance of good looks in mate preferences?
What consistent cross-cultural trend was observed regarding the importance of good looks in mate preferences?
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What is a primary critique of the evolutionary psychology perspective concerning mate preferences?
What is a primary critique of the evolutionary psychology perspective concerning mate preferences?
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Which of the following statements best summarizes women's prioritization of earning potential in mate preferences?
Which of the following statements best summarizes women's prioritization of earning potential in mate preferences?
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According to the data, how does improved gender equality impact women's preference for earning potential in a mate?
According to the data, how does improved gender equality impact women's preference for earning potential in a mate?
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Which of the following potentially explains women's prioritization of earning potential, besides evolutionary factors?
Which of the following potentially explains women's prioritization of earning potential, besides evolutionary factors?
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What was the prediction regarding the preference for earning potential if economic parity reduces this preference?
What was the prediction regarding the preference for earning potential if economic parity reduces this preference?
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Which statement summarizes the main takeaways regarding sex differences and cultural consistency?
Which statement summarizes the main takeaways regarding sex differences and cultural consistency?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences in mate preferences according to the information presented?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences in mate preferences according to the information presented?
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According to the information, what is the primary difference in how men and women perceive humor in a romantic partner?
According to the information, what is the primary difference in how men and women perceive humor in a romantic partner?
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According to the information, which of the following traits were ranked highly by both men and women in the class data?
According to the information, which of the following traits were ranked highly by both men and women in the class data?
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How does the degree of sexual dimorphism in humans compare to that of other apes?
How does the degree of sexual dimorphism in humans compare to that of other apes?
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What does the information suggest about the distribution of cognitive abilities between sexes?
What does the information suggest about the distribution of cognitive abilities between sexes?
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What do Lippa's study (2007) and the class results indicate overall about mate preferences of men and women??
What do Lippa's study (2007) and the class results indicate overall about mate preferences of men and women??
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the emphasis placed on physical traits in mate preferences?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the emphasis placed on physical traits in mate preferences?
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What could explain the differences observed between the UBC class data and Lippa's study in regards to mate preferences?
What could explain the differences observed between the UBC class data and Lippa's study in regards to mate preferences?
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Study Notes
Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA)
- EEA refers to the specific environmental conditions that shaped a species' adaptations
- It explains why certain traits evolved in response to environmental challenges and needs
- Factors in the EEA include food availability, climate, social structures and predators
Examples of Adaptations
- Fins in Whales: Whales evolved fins due to the need to navigate water efficiently
- Eyes in Animals: Eyes evolved independently in multiple species due to the presence of light
EEA of Human Psychology
- The EEA refers to the conditions in which human psychological traits evolved
- Identifying when traits emerged can reveal the environmental pressures that shaped them
- Human brains' massive changes over evolutionary time are contextually explained by the EEA
Biological Changes in Humans: Brain Expansion
- Human brains expanded dramatically in evolutionary terms.
- Our closest relative, chimpanzees, have brains around 350 cubic centimeters
- Modern humans have brains averaging 1,450 cubic centimeters
- Most significant brain growth occurred between 2 and 6 million years ago, with the steepest rise in the last 2 million years
Changes in Brain Shape
- Human skulls evolved with a higher forehead and a more rounded shape, contrasting with flatter skulls of early ancestors.
- This change reflects an expansion of specific brain regions like frontal lobes
Frontal Lobe Development
- Frontal lobes are responsible for planning, high-level thinking, executive function and social intelligence
- The other brain areas, like the occipital lobe, responsible for sensory input did not grow as significantly during human evolution.
Role of EEA in Brain Expansion
- The environmental and social pressures that early humans faced, such as hunting and gathering, cooperation, and survival in small groups, likely drove the expansion of their brains and associated cognitive abilities
Neanderthals and Human Brain Comparisons
- Neanderthals had even larger brains (1,550-1,600 cubic centimeters) than early humans, but their brain anatomy varied.
- Despite the larger brain size, anatomical differences, social intelligence and adaptability contributed to the eventual outcompeting of Neanderthals by humans
Mismatch Theory
- Explains the disconnect between human adaptations of the past and rapid changes in modern environments
- Evolution is too slow to keep up with changing conditions
- This creates "mismatches" between evolved traits and lifestyles
Evolutionary Time Lag
- Evolution takes several generations to produce significant genetic changes
Evolutionary Background
- Humans evolved in small, close-knit groups (50-200 individuals)
- Nomadic lifestyle, relying on food sources in frequently changing environments
- Faced scarcity, necessitating resourceful and efficient energy storage, and close-knit social interactions.
Modern Environment
- Development of agriculture and technology accelerated changes in the human environment.
- This rapid change creates environmental mismatches
- Modern lifestyles and urbanization differ significantly from the environment in which humans evolved.
Examples of Mismatch
- Diet and Cravings: Evolution favored cravings for calorie-rich foods when they were scarce, but modern environments make these foods readily available, leading to health problems.
- Social Interaction: Modern, intricate social networks—online and in person—can stress our brains, which are not adapted to this kind of magnitude of interaction and comparisons.
- Stress Responses: Modern stressors, like work or societal pressures, trigger the same fight-or-flight responses as the immediate threats our ancestors faced but often without resolution.
- Cognitive Challenges: Humans struggle with processing complex societal challenges since these tasks are very different from the kind of survival problems humans evolved to solve.
Small Changes Over Time
- Lactose tolerance: Populations that domesticated milk-producing animals developed lactose tolerance.
- Spleen Adaptations: Some human populations have developed spleen adaptations for increased diving ability.
- Vision Correction: Glasses and contact lenses mitigate the disadvantage of poor eyesight.
Addiction and Behavioral Traits
- Exposure to addictive substances for many generations may lead to increased tolerance.
Art and Creativity
- Artistic expression may be a by-product of other complex traits, like pattern recognition
Evolutionary Timeframes
- Major physical changes require thousands of generations under persistent selective pressure
Sex and Sex Differences
- Evolutionary success hinges on survival and reproduction
- Reproduction is complex; involving selection of mates who will increase survival chances for offspring
Sexual Motivation and Behavior
- Males are often more driven to compete for mates
- Females are typically more selective
Parental Investment
- Parental investment refers to resources a parent allocates to raise offspring
- Females typically invest more in offspring, leading to greater mate selectivity
- Males often have lower parental investment, leading to more competition
Sexual Selection and Mating Strategies
- Differences in parental investment lead to differences in mate selection strategies
- Males often exhibit more elaborate traits to attract females
- Females tend to be more selective and prioritize traits signaling good genes and resources
The Sexual Division of Labor in Reproductive Costs
- Parenting costs: Energy, resources, and effort put into raising offspring; primarily borne by females.
- Mating costs: Effort put into finding and securing a mate; primarily borne by males.
Biological Continuity
- Aggression and dominance behaviors likely derive from a common evolutionary ancestor
Cultural Reinvention Hypothesis
- Humans are culturally shaped blank slates
- The substantial consistency of gender differences across multiple species would appear to contradict or weaken this account.
Interaction of Biology and Culture
- Human aggression—both patterns and cultural expressions—are shaped by a complex interplay between biological predispositions and cultural influences.
Sex Differences in Earning Potential
- Women prioritize earning potential in partners
- This preference is consistent across cultures and levels of gender equality
- Underlying reasons may include historical economic disparities, evolutionary factors and a potential offset for gender disadvantages.
Sex Differences in Age Preferences
- Men generally prefer younger women
- Women generally prefer slightly older men or men near their own age
Why Do Men Like Younger Women?
- Evolutionary explanation points to links between women's facial symmetry and perceived youthfulness and fertility, which are attractive to men.
Sources of Sexual Conflict in Relationships
- Sex differences in desires related to short-term versus long-term relationships and sexual novelty
The Eerie Fact About Affairs
- Men and women's levels of happiness are not noticeably different whether or not they had experienced an extramarital affair.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA) and its influence on species adaptations, particularly in humans. It delves into examples of adaptations and discusses the evolutionary pressures that shaped human psychological traits and brain expansion. Test your understanding of these crucial evolutionary concepts.