29 Questions
What is required for the food processing by the digestive system and transport to body tissues?
Oxygen
Which system is closely intertwined with the digestive system for energy acquisition and metabolism support?
Respiratory and circulatory systems
What process is part of feeding according to the text?
Swallowing
Which animals are mentioned as still filtering small particles of food from the water?
Amphioxus and larval lampreys
What distinguishes most vertebrates in terms of feeding habits?
They are particulate feeders
What is the ancestral condition for the cranium of vertebrates?
Chondrocranium formed from paired sensory capsules
What happens to the dermatocranium in chondrichthyans?
It is lost
What do the pharyngeal arches of the mandibular and hyoid segments become in gnathostomes?
Modify to form jaws and jaw supports
What characterizes the lamprey's splanchnocranium?
Contains six gill openings with specialized structures
What additional structure is seen in osteichthyans as part of their cranium?
Bony operculum covering the gills
What happens to the paired anterior trabeculae in jawed vertebrates?
They transform into jaw supports in gnathostomes
What is the shared exit for the urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems in all vertebrates except therian mammals?
Cloaca
Which type of respiration is seen in amphioxus, where oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide loss occur through a thin skin?
Cutaneous respiration
What hormones does the pancreas secrete that are involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and blood-sugar levels?
Insulin and glucagon
In the primitive vertebrate condition, which of the following structures is NOT present?
Stomach
In lampreys, what is the equivalent of the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium in a living cartilaginous vertebrate like a shark?
Horizontal septum
Which vertebrate group has a shared exit for the urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems similar to the cloaca?
Amphibians
What are the excretory cells in amphioxus called?
Solenocytes
Where do solenocytes empty their effluent in amphioxus?
Into the atrium
What is the function of the archinephric duct in vertebrates?
Drain urine from the kidney to the cloaca
Which structure replaces the posterior cardinal veins in lungfishes and tetrapods?
Posterior vena cava
Where are the gonads derived from?
Mesoderm
What is the primary function of reproduction?
Producing and releasing gametes
What is the embryonic structure that forms the nephric ridge, giving rise to the excretory and reproductive systems?
Nephrotome
In vertebrates, which portion of the kidney is functional only in embryos and possibly in adult hagfishes?
Pronephros
Besides nitrogenous waste disposal, what other functions do kidneys regulate in vertebrates?
Regulate water and minerals
What is the segmental structure extending the entire length of the dorsal body wall in fishes that assists in waste disposal?
Mesonephros
Which system in tetrapods is primarily responsible for waste disposal, water regulation, and mineral balance functions?
Excretory System
What unsegmented structures are responsible for gamete production in vertebrates?
Gonads
Explore the diagrammatic view and early evolution of the cranium in vertebrates, including the ancestral conditions and the formation of chondrocranium and splanchnocranium. Learn about the paired sensory capsules, anterior trabeculae, parachordals, and pharyngeal arches.
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