Evolution of the Philippine Constitution
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant feature of the 1899 Malolos Constitution?

  • Strong presidential system
  • Universal suffrage
  • Bicameral legislature
  • Separation of powers (correct)

    • Which document set the stage for the 1935 Constitution by promising independence after establishing a stable government?

  • Philippine Organic Act of 1902
  • Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
  • Tydings-McDuffie Act
  • Jones Law (1916) (correct)

    • What was a notable change introduced by the 1935 Constitution regarding language?

  • Spanish as the official language
  • Filipino as the official language
  • Mandarin as the official language
  • English as the official language (correct)

    • What system did the 1973 Constitution introduce, which concentrated power in the executive?

    <p>Parliamentary system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1943 Constitution, which was implemented during the Japanese occupation, is primarily regarded as being?

    <p>Illegitimate and controversial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act provided for a 10-year transition to full independence for the Philippines?

    <p>Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature did the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 introduce under U.S. rule?

    <p>Bicameral legislature and a Bill of Rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which constitution were civil liberties significantly limited and political abuses common?

    <p>1973 Constitution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main aim of Republic Act No. 6657, also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?

    <p>To redistribute agricultural lands to farmers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Executive Order No. 228 (1987) declare for qualified farmer-beneficiaries?

    <p>They would gain full ownership of the land received under CARP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant challenges faced during the land redistribution process?

    <p>Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative was launched under President Duterte to address agrarian reform cases?

    <p>Oplan Zero Backlog (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a primary goal of agrarian reform?

    <p>Distributing land from large landowners to landless farmers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency oversees the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?

    <p>Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant criticism about the land distribution in Hacienda Luisita?

    <p>The process faced criticism for its slow pace and incomplete implementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of agrarian reform focuses on ensuring farmers have the legal right to their land?

    <p>Land Tenure Security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a significant action during the Aquino Administration regarding agrarian reform?

    <p>Pledging to complete the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the institutional supports created to represent the interests of land reform beneficiaries?

    <p>Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Association (ARBA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the 1986 Freedom Constitution?

    <p>Restoring human rights and democracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the income tax system introduced during the American Colonial Period?

    <p>Included personal and property taxes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tax evasion differ from tax avoidance?

    <p>Evasion involves hiding income; avoidance involves legal deductions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of agrarian reform in the Philippines?

    <p>To redistribute land and promote social justice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change did the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law implement?

    <p>Lowered income taxes for middle-income earners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system replaced the encomienda system during the Spanish Colonial Period?

    <p>Tribute system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following taxes is levied specifically on the transfer of a deceased person's property?

    <p>Estate tax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the 1987 Constitution on local government units?

    <p>Empowered them with enhanced autonomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which law were the income tax rates for corporate entities reduced from 30% to 25%?

    <p>Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Social Justice Program under Manuel L. Quezon play during the Commonwealth Period?

    <p>Regulated landlord-tenant relations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of excise taxes as mentioned in the content?

    <p>To discourage harmful consumption and raise revenue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act established significant limits on land ownership during the American Colonial Period?

    <p>Philippine Bill of 1902 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following taxes is assessed on donations received?

    <p>Donor’s tax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the 1987 Constitution?

    <p>Enhanced Bill of Rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best captures the purpose of the Land Redistribution mechanism in agrarian reform?

    <p>To ensure equitable land distribution to tenant farmers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Malolos Constitution

    1899 Philippine Constitution, establishing a first Philippine Republic with a unicameral legislature and limited suffrage.

    1935 Constitution

    Established a strong presidential system during the Commonwealth era, focusing on economic development and eventual independence.

    Schurman Commission

    An 1899 commission that studied conditions after the Philippine-American War, recommending a governance framework.

    1943 Constitution

    Japanese-influenced constitution during WWII; seen as illegitimate afterward.

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    1973 Constitution

    Marcos' Constitution under Martial Law, characterized by a parliamentary system and concentrated power.

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    Philippine Organic Act of 1902

    First Organic law under U.S. rule, providing a bicameral legislature and Bill of Rights.

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    Tydings-McDuffie Act

    Act that set the stage for the 1935 Philippine Constitution, replacing the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.

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    Jones Law (1916)

    A Philippine Autonomy Act promising independence after a stable government was formed.

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    Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)

    A program that aims to redistribute agricultural land to farmers, extending beyond rice and corn lands.

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    Republic Act No. 6657 (CARL)

    A law that aims to redistribute agricultural land to farmers and give them ownership rights.

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    Land Tenure Security

    Ensuring farmers have legal rights to their land, without threats of eviction or unfair tenancy.

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    Agrarian Reform

    Distributing land from large landowners to landless farmers.

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    Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)

    Government agency responsible for overseeing land distribution under agrarian reform programs.

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    Hacienda Luisita

    A controversial land distribution case involving a large estate, facing criticism for its slow implementation.

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    Resistance from Landowners

    Opposition from large land owners to land redistribution programs.

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    Bureaucratic Inefficiency

    Obstacles to land reform implementation due to corruption, complex processes, and slow bureaucratic actions.

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    Support Services

    Essential assistance to farmers, including credit, infrastructure, and agricultural training.

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    Political Manipulation

    Land reform being used for political agenda or influence, leading to unequal distribution and dissatisfaction.

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    1986 Freedom Constitution

    A temporary constitution established during the transition period under Corazon Aquino, focused on restoring democracy.

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    Tax Base

    The value (income, property, or goods) used to calculate taxes.

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    Tax Rate

    The percentage or fixed amount of tax levied on the tax base.

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    Tax Evasion

    The illegal act of avoiding paying taxes (e.g., hiding income).

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    Tax Avoidance

    Legal methods to reduce the amount of tax owed.

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    Personal Income Tax (PIT)

    A tax based on individual earnings.

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    Corporate Income Tax (CIT)

    A tax imposed on company profits.

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    Value-Added Tax (VAT)

    A 12% tax on the sale of goods and services.

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    Excise Tax

    A tax on specific goods, aiming to reduce consumption and generate revenue.

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    Encomienda System

    System of land grants to Spanish settlers in exchange for defense and missionary support, often leading to exploitation.

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    Land Redistribution

    Transferring land ownership from wealthy landowners to tenant farmers or landless people.

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    Agricultural Land Reform Code (RA 3844)

    A Philippine law aimed at abolishing share tenancy and instituting leasehold tenancy, with restrictions on land retention limits.

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    Tax Liability

    The total amount of tax owed based on taxable income/property.

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    Study Notes

    Evolution of the Philippine Constitution

    • Evolved through phases reflecting political, social, and economic conditions
    • 1899 Malolos Constitution: First Philippine Republic, Separation of powers, checks and balances, unicameral legislature, limited suffrage (property-owning men), short-lived due to the Philippine-American War.
    • 1935 Constitution: Commonwealth Era, Bill of Rights, strong presidential system, economic development focus, prepared for 1946 independence, English as official language.
    • 1943 Constitution: Japanese Occupation, focused on national development under Japanese influence, illegitimate post-WWII.
    • 1973 Constitution: Martial Law (Ferdinand Marcos Sr.), Parliamentary system, concentrated executive power, limited civil liberties, abuses led to reforms.
    • 1986 Freedom Constitution: Temporary framework, democratic restoration, rebuilding democratic institutions post-Marcos.
    • 1987 Constitution: Current Constitution, bicameral legislature, enhanced Bill of Rights, prohibits foreign military bases, reinforces democracy and decentralization, empowered local government units (LGUs).

    Key Commissions and Acts

    • Schurman Commission (1899): Studied conditions in the Philippines post-Philippine-American War, recommended a governance framework under U.S. oversight.
    • Taft Commission: Replaced military rule with civil government, groundwork for civilian administration, stepping stone to the 1935 Constitution.
    • Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Cooper Act): First organic law under U.S. rule, bicameral legislature, Bill of Rights, framework for governance before the 1935 Constitution.
    • Jones Law (1916): Promised independence once stable government established, set the stage for the 1935 Constitution.
    • Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (1933): 10-year transition to full independence, rejected by Philippines due to U.S. military base retention concerns.
    • Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): Superseded Hare-Hawes-Cutting, set terms for drafting 1935 Constitution.

    Taxation System

    • A system to fund public services and development projects

    • Tax Base: Value (income, property, or goods) on which tax is calculated

    • Tax Rate: Percentage or fixed amount levied on the tax base

    • Tax Liability: Total amount owed

    • Tax Evasion: Illegal non-payment of taxes.

    • Tax Avoidance: Legal ways to reduce taxes.

    • Encomienda System: Indigenous people paid tribute to Spanish encomenderos.

    • Tribute System: Replaced encomienda, later evolved into the Cedula System (tax for residence certificate).

    Philippine Taxation (American Colonial Period)

    • Internal Revenue Law of 1904: Introduced income, property, and other modern taxes
    • Cedula Tax: Continued (revised categorized incomes)
    • Income Tax:
    • Personal: Based on individual earnings.
    • Corporate: Levied on company profits. Lowered to 25% under CREATE Act.
    • Value-Added Tax (VAT): 12% on goods/services (exemptions for some necessities)
    • Excise Tax: On alcohol, tobacco, fuel; discourages harmful consumption.
    • Estate Tax: On deceased property's transfer (5%-20% rates)
    • Donor's Tax: On donations (2%-15% rates)
    • Property Tax: On real estate properties (1%-2% rates)
    • Withholding Tax: Deducted from salaries/payments
    • Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law (2018): Lowered income taxes for middle-income earners, increased excise taxes on fuel and sugary drinks
    • Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Act (2021): Lowered corporate income taxes, offered investment incentives.

    Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

    • Focuses on redistributing land to tenant farmers and landless individuals
    • Goals: Social justice, poverty alleviation, equitable resource distribution
    • Methods: Land redistribution, economic justice, poverty reduction, increased productivity, social stability
    • Historical Periods:
    • Pre-Spanish and Spanish period (pre-1898): Common ownership, encomienda system.
    • American Period (1898-1946): Land ownership limits implemented, failed to fully address issues.
    • Commonwealth period (1935-1946): Limited social justice program, ineffective implementation.
    • Post-Independence (1946-1972): Laws regulating landlord-tenant relations, limited impact.
    • Martial Law era (1972-1986): Restricted agrarian reform, marked by corruption.
    • Post-Marcos era (1986-present): Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), significant changes in land redistribution, challenges remain.
    • Challenges: Resistance from landowners, bureaucratic inefficiency, insufficient support services, political manipulation.

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    Description

    Explore the significant phases in the evolution of the Philippine Constitution, from the Malolos Constitution in 1899 to the current 1987 Constitution. Each iteration reflects the political, social, and economic conditions of its time, revealing the struggles and triumphs of democracy in the Philippines. Test your knowledge on key features and historical contexts of these pivotal documents.

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