Evolution of Social Sciences Quiz

12 Questions

Apa yang dimaksud dengan 'ilmu sosial'?

Cabang ilmu yang mempelajari perilaku manusia dalam aspek sosial dan budayanya

Kapan ilmu-ilmu sosial mulai berkembang?

Pada zaman Yunani Kuno

Cabang-cabang ilmu sosial yang disebutkan dalam teks meliputi apa saja?

Semua cabang ilmu yang disebutkan dalam teks

Bagaimana perkembangan ilmu-ilmu sosial sebelum abad ke-20?

Ilmu-ilmu sosial sulit berkembang karena masih sangat terkait dengan teologi dan filsafat

Bagaimana pengaruh Yunani Kuno dan Romawi dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu sosial?

Memberikan pengaruh yang cukup besar pada pemahaman masyarakat Barat tentang perilaku manusia dan struktur sosial

Apa yang terjadi pada perkembangan ilmu-ilmu sosial pada masa Renaissance abad ke-14 hingga 17?

Terjadi peningkatan fokus pada karya-karya klasik Yunani, terutama Plato dan Aristoteles

Mengapa pemikiran sosial pada masa Renaisans sangat dipengaruhi oleh ide-ide para filsuf?

Karena para filsuf menekankan pentingnya pengetahuan empiris yang melandasi revolusi ilmiah dan perkembangan ilmu sosial yang berbasis empiris.

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Cartesianism?

Sebuah filosofi yang memandang dunia melalui prinsip-prinsip fundamental dan penalaran deduktif.

Mengapa pertumbuhan nasionalisme pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 menyebabkan munculnya negara yang impersonal dan birokrasi yang terus berkembang?

Karena negara-negara membutuhkan informasi tentang perpajakan, sensus, dan perdagangan untuk tujuan administrasi.

Apa yang dimaksud dengan sifat interdisipliner ilmu sosial?

Ilmu sosial mengambil dari berbagai disiplin seperti filsafat, psikologi, antropologi, ekonomi, sejarah, dan ilmu politik untuk memperoleh pandangan tentang perilaku manusia dan struktur masyarakat.

Mengapa ilmu sosial harus beroperasi di bawah prinsip-prinsip dan pedoman etika?

Untuk memastikan bahwa penelitian dilakukan dengan menghormati hak-hak peserta dan menjaga integritas penelitian.

Apa fokus utama dari ilmu sosial?

Memahami perilaku manusia dalam konteks sosial dan budaya.

Study Notes

Overview

Social sciences refer to academic studies or sciences that deal with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects. These disciplines emerged on the cusp of the 20th century but have roots dating back to ancient Greek rationalist inquiries into human nature. The discipline includes various branches such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, economics, historiography, and various focused programs like African American Studies, Latinx Studies, Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and Middle Eastern Studies, among others. Before the 20th century, studies related to human behavior were tightly intertwined with theology and philosophy, making it difficult for scholars to break free from established thought patterns.

History and Development

Ancient Greece

The origins of social sciences can be traced back to ancient Greece, where scholars sought to understand the nature of humans through rational inquiry. This Greek determination to study all things objectively laid the foundation for social sciences today. The heritage of ancient Greece and Rome has been influential in shaping Western society's understanding of human behavior and social structures.

Renaissance and Enlightenment

The Renaissance in the 14th to 17th centuries saw an increased focus on Greek classics, especially Plato and Aristotle. Social thought during this period was heavily influenced by these philosophers' ideas, shaping humanities and social sciences alike. Renaissance thinkers also emphasized the importance of empirical knowledge, which laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the development of empirically based social sciences.

Cartesianism

In the 17th century, René Descartes introduced Cartesianism, a philosophy that advocated understanding the world, including humanity and society, through fundamental principles and deductive reasoning. This approach had a significant impact on social and political thought throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, influencing how scholars approached questions about human nature and society.

Emergence of Nationalism and Bureaucracies

During the 17th and 18th centuries, growing nationalism led to impersonal states and ever-growing bureaucracies concerned with taxation, census, and trade purposes. As vast amounts of data related to human behavior became available, scholars began to study these patterns to better understand society and human nature.

Modern Period

By the modern era, social sciences had developed as distinct disciplines, building upon earlier philosophical and theological thought. The emergence of these academic fields contributed to our understanding of various aspects of human behavior, culture, and institutions.

Key Features and Characteristics

Interdisciplinary Nature

Social sciences draw from diverse disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, anthropology, economics, history, and political science to gain insights into human behavior and societal structures.

Empirical Approach

Many social scientists use empirical methods, gathering data through surveys, observations, and experiments to test hypotheses and theories about human behavior.

Focus on Human Behavior

Social sciences aim to explain and predict how individuals form relationships, interact with one another, and create and maintain groups, communities, and societies.

Multicultural Perspectives

These disciplines recognize the importance of cultural differences and strive to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics between individuals, groups, and societies across the globe.

Ethical Considerations

As scientific endeavors, social sciences must operate under ethical principles and guidelines to ensure research integrity and respect for participants' rights.

In conclusion, social sciences encompass a wide range of academic disciplines focused on understanding human behavior in its social and cultural contexts. Drawing from ancient Greek origins, through the Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the present day, these fields continue to contribute significantly to our knowledge of human nature, society, and culture. By employing interdisciplinary approaches, employing empirical methods, focusing on human behavior, recognizing multicultural perspectives, and upholding ethical considerations, social scientists address pressing questions about the world we live in.