Podcast
Questions and Answers
What were the two fundamental reasons driving the innovation and development of computer languages?
What were the two fundamental reasons driving the innovation and development of computer languages?
Which programming language served as a foundation for both C++ and Java?
Which programming language served as a foundation for both C++ and Java?
What was the primary objective of the project Green initiated by Sun Microsystems?
What was the primary objective of the project Green initiated by Sun Microsystems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of C++ that was considered dangerous?
Which of the following is a characteristic of C++ that was considered dangerous?
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What programming methodology does C++ extend with object-oriented features?
What programming methodology does C++ extend with object-oriented features?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes robustness in computer science?
Which of the following statements correctly describes robustness in computer science?
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What file extension is generally associated with bytecode files?
What file extension is generally associated with bytecode files?
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What was the initial name given to C++ when it was first designed?
What was the initial name given to C++ when it was first designed?
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Which of the following describes the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
Which of the following describes the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
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Which of the following features is NOT part of object-oriented programming as described?
Which of the following features is NOT part of object-oriented programming as described?
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How does Java achieve high performance?
How does Java achieve high performance?
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What characteristic of Java allows for the concurrent execution of multiple threads?
What characteristic of Java allows for the concurrent execution of multiple threads?
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Which buzzword signifies that Java programs can run on various platforms without modification?
Which buzzword signifies that Java programs can run on various platforms without modification?
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What does Java's capability for distributed computing include?
What does Java's capability for distributed computing include?
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Which is not one of the key buzzwords describing Java?
Which is not one of the key buzzwords describing Java?
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What feature of Java helps ensure the program is robust?
What feature of Java helps ensure the program is robust?
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What was the main purpose of creating the Oak programming language?
What was the main purpose of creating the Oak programming language?
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Which feature of Java contributes to its architecture neutrality?
Which feature of Java contributes to its architecture neutrality?
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Which of the following was NOT one of the design goals for Java as it was developed for consumer electronics?
Which of the following was NOT one of the design goals for Java as it was developed for consumer electronics?
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What was the original name of the web browser written in Oak?
What was the original name of the web browser written in Oak?
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Who was NOT part of the original Java development team at Sun Microsystems?
Who was NOT part of the original Java development team at Sun Microsystems?
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What was a major reason for the retargeting of Java for the Internet?
What was a major reason for the retargeting of Java for the Internet?
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Which of the following statements about Java is true?
Which of the following statements about Java is true?
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What was a key aspect of the evolution of hardware chips that influenced Java's design?
What was a key aspect of the evolution of hardware chips that influenced Java's design?
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Study Notes
The Importance of Programming Language Evolution
- Computer languages evolve to adapt to changing environments and uses and to implement refinements and improvements in programming
- Java inherits many features from C and C++
The History of C
- Designed by Dennis Ritchie in the 1970s
- C was a structured, efficient, high-level language that replaced assembly code for creating systems programs.
- Programmers designed, implemented, and tested C.
The History of C++
- Designed in 1979, initially called "C with Classes"
- C++ was designed to address the increasing program complexity with improved programming paradigms and methods:
- Assembler languages
- High-level languages
- Structured programming
- Object-oriented programming (OOP)
- OOP is a methodology that helps organize complex programs through the use of inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
- C++ extends C by adding object-oriented features.
History of Java
- Sun Microsystems started the Green project in 1990 to develop software for consumer electronics.
- The project team included James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan.
- The team originally used C++ to program toasters, washing machines, and VCRs to make these appliances more "intelligent."
C++'s Downsides
- C++ is powerful, but also error-prone.
- C++'s use of pointers can lead to memory leaks, potentially causing the program to crash.
- Memory leaks are often difficult and time-consuming to identify in complex programs.
Java's Robustness
- Consumers expect electronics to function properly, and a design for consumer electronics must be robust.
- Robustness in computer science is a computer system's ability to handle errors during execution and erroneous input.
Oak's Evolution
- To address the challenges of C++ and create a reliable language for consumer products, the Green project team built a new language called Oak.
- Oak avoided potentially dangerous constructs in C++ that cause memory leaks.
- Oak introduced automatic memory management, freeing the programmer to focus on other tasks.
Java's Architecture Neutrality
- Different CPUs are used as controllers in consumer electronics.
- Hardware chips evolve rapidly, making older chips obsolete.
- Manufacturers of appliances require software that can run on different existing chips without requiring a new compiler for each new chip.
- The Oak team worked to make their language architecture-neutral, meaning it could run on any hardware platform.
Java's Expansion and Re-Targeting
- The team realized that Java's design goals for consumer electronics would be ideal for the Internet and World Wide Web.
- Java's object-oriented capabilities, robustness, and architecture neutrality were well-suited for internet programming.
- To capitalize on the internet's potential as a business opportunity, the team expanded.
- New members included Bill Joy (developer of Unix), Arthur van Hoff, Jonathan Payne, Frank Yellin, and Tim Lindholm.
Oak Becomes Java
- The team wrote an early browser called WebRunner, later renamed HotJava, in Oak.
- In 1995, Oak was renamed Java.
Java's Original Motivation
- The original motivation for Java was not the internet:
- It was to create platform-independent software embedded in consumer electronic devices.
Java's Goal on the Internet
- Java was created to address the need for a language that could break the dominance of Intel, Macintosh, and Unix programming communities.
- Though it is sometimes referred to as an "internet version of C++", Java was not designed to replace C++.
- Java was developed to solve a different set of problems than those addressed by C++.
Java and the Internet
- Java Applets: Java applets allow users to download small, interactive programs over the internet.
- Security: Java was designed to be secure, reducing the risk of malicious programs like viruses and malware.
- Portability: Java applications can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
Understanding Bytecode
- Bytecode is the compiled format for Java programs.
- It is a set of optimized instructions designed to be executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
- After compilation to bytecode, a Java program can be transferred across a network and executed by any JVM.
- Bytecode files have a “.class” extension.
- The JVM provides security and portability.
Interpreting Bytecode
- Although interpreted, bytecode is highly optimized for improved performance.
- Rather than interpreting bytecode, the JVM uses Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, which translates bytecode into native machine code for faster execution.
Key Java Buzzwords
- The Java team highlighted the following features of their language:
- Simple: Java was designed to be easy for professional programmers to learn and use.
- Object-Oriented: Java uses a pragmatic approach to object-oriented programming without limiting its development for compatibility with other languages.
- Robust: Java restricts programmers to finding mistakes early, performs compile-time (strong typing) and run-time (exception-handling) checks, and manages memory automatically.
- Secure: Java is designed to be a secure language. It includes features that prevent programs from accessing unauthorized resources.
- Portable: Java programs can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
- Multithreaded: Java supports multi-threaded programming, enabling the construction of programs that perform concurrent computations.
- Architecture-Neutral: The Java Virtual Machine provides a platform-independent environment for the execution of Java byte code.
- Interpreted and High-Performance: Java programs are compiled into an intermediate representation, byte code, which can be interpreted by any JVM or translated into native machine code for efficiency.
- Distributed: Java was designed for the distributed environment of the internet because it handles TCP/IP protocols. Access to resources using a URL is similar to accessing a file. Java also supports Remote Method Invocation (RMI), enabling a program to invoke methods across a network.
- Dynamic: Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type information, allowing the verification and resolution of access to objects at runtime.
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Description
Explore the evolution of programming languages including C, C++, and Java. This quiz examines their histories, features, and the paradigms they introduced. Test your knowledge on how these languages have shaped modern programming practices.