14 Questions
What is the primary purpose of Article II of the Constitution?
To outline the specific powers and responsibilities of the president
During the Constitutional Convention, what was James Wilson's argument regarding the presidency?
The president should have a role in the legislative process
What was the compromise reached regarding the election of the president at the Constitutional Convention?
The use of the Electoral College
What are executive orders as defined in the text?
Written directives of the president telling someone in the executive branch what to do
Which of the following is NOT listed as a core power and responsibility of the president in Article II?
Declaring war
Which president criticized the separation of powers and insisted on a large, energetic federal government?
Woodrow Wilson
Who believed that the president's authority comes directly from the people, as mentioned in the text?
Theodore Roosevelt
In the Supreme Court case 'Youngstown v. Sawyer,' who was the president involved in the case?
Harry S. Truman
Who becomes Chief Justice of the United States after the election of 1912?
William Howard Taft
Who outlined three categories for analyzing presidential power in the Supreme Court case 'Youngstown v. Sawyer'?
Robert H. Jackson
Which president believed that the president's authority comes from the Constitution, as per the information in the text?
William Howard Taft
Who became president after the people disagreed with Taft's view during the election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
Who invoked his power as Commander-in-Chief to seize the steel mills without congressional approval?
Harry S. Truman
Who had a different vision of the presidency, seeing the president as a steward of the people, according to the text?
Theodore Roosevelt
Study Notes
- The presidency is the most powerful elected office, but the Constitution grants fewer specific powers to the president in Article II than to Congress in Article I.
- The Constitution sets out details for electing a president and removing one from office, and lists some core powers and responsibilities, including being Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, appointing judges and officials, making treaties, granting reprieves and pardons, and taking care that laws are faithfully executed.
- At the Constitutional Convention, there were debates on the logistics of structuring the presidency, how to elect the president, the length of the president's term, granting the president a role in the legislative process, and how to remove a president from office.
- James Wilson argued for a single president with energy and responsibility, leading to the choice of a single president over fears of monarchy.
- James Wilson proposed popular election by the people, but the compromise was the Electoral College.
- The delegates agreed on a four-year term with the president eligible for re-election, but debated on granting the president a role in the legislative process and how to remove a president from office.
- Executive orders are written directives of the president telling someone in the executive branch what to do.
- The number of executive orders has risen dramatically over time, spiking during the Progressive Era due to a changed conception of the presidency from a chief magistrate to a steward of the public welfare.
- Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had different visions of the presidency, with Roosevelt seeing the president as a steward of the people and Wilson criticizing the separation of powers and insisting on a large, energetic federal government overseen by a president directly responsive to the people.- Taft's presidency contrasts with Roosevelt's and Wilson's view of the role of the president in government.
- Taft believes the president's authority comes from the Constitution, while Roosevelt and Wilson believe it comes directly from the people.
- Taft's stance on the role of the president leads to a dramatic split with Roosevelt during the 1912 election.
- Taft becomes Chief Justice of the United States and publishes reflections on the Constitution.
- During the election of 1912, the people disagree with Taft's view, leading to Wilson's election as president.
- The Supreme Court case "Youngstown v. Sawyer" (also known as the "steel seizure case") tests the president's power to seize private property for the sake of national security.
- Harry S. Truman, the president during the case, invokes his power as Commander-in-Chief to seize the Steel mills without congressional approval.
- The Supreme Court rules against Truman, stating that the Constitution grants Congress, not the president, the power to make laws.
- Truman is surprised by the court's ruling but later forgives the justices.
- Justice Robert H. Jackson's concurring opinion in the case outlines three categories for analyzing presidential power.
- When the president acts with congressional approval, his authority is at its maximum.
- When the president acts in the face of congressional disapproval, his authority is at its lowest ebb.
- When the president acts in a zone of twilight, where congressional approval or disapproval is uncertain, the Supreme Court must balance the competing considerations.
- Disputes about the constitutionality of executive orders remain controversial today.
- Critics argue that presidents are using executive orders to circumvent Congress and achieve their goals by executive fiat.
- The Supreme Court decides these cases using the framework established in Youngstown v. Sawyer.
Explore the historical evolution of presidential powers in the United States, from the debates at the Constitutional Convention to the role of the president as the steward of the public welfare, the influence of executive orders, and key Supreme Court cases that tested presidential authority.
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