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Questions and Answers
Which language family does Hindi belong to?
What is the current global ranking of Hindi in terms of native speakers?
Which famous Indian epic was originally composed in Sanskrit but later translated into Hindi?
During which period did Hindi literature witness significant growth in genres like poetry, plays, and prose?
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What is the Vikramorvaśīya, a classic play originally written in Sanskrit, known for in Hindi literature?
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In which century did the modern era of Hindi literature begin?
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Who is renowned for their short stories and novels that portray realistic social and political issues in Hindi literature?
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Which author rebelled against traditional styles of Hindi poetry?
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Who is known for composing works using the chhayā-bella form in Hindi poetry?
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Which award recognizes outstanding works in Hindi prose?
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Which poet is known for their extensive writing on social and political issues in Hindi literature?
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Which institution serves as India's national academy of letters, promoting literary art in Hindi and other Indian languages?
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Study Notes
Hindi: A Vibrant Tapestry of Language and Literature
Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language, is the fourth most widely spoken language in the world, with nearly 615 million native speakers. This rich language has a deeply rooted history, diverse dialects, and a thriving literature scene. In this article, we'll journey through the world of Hindi, exploring its literature, traditions, and the authors that have shaped it.
Early Hindi Literature
The earliest forms of Hindi literature date back to the 11th century CE and are primarily spiritual in nature. The Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa, two of India's most famous epics, were originally composed in Sanskrit but eventually found their way into regional languages, including Hindi. The Panchtantra, a collection of animal fables with lessons for human behavior, is another early example of folklore that has been adapted in Hindi.
Medieval Literature
Medieval Hindi literature, a period spanning from the 13th to the 18th century, saw significant growth in various genres, such as poetry, plays, and prose. The Rasōdhara, a notable love poem, and the Padmavat, a tale of love, war, and sacrifice, are two prominent works from this era. The play Vikramorvaśīya, a classic in Sanskrit, was also translated into Hindi.
Modern Hindi Literature
The modern era of Hindi literature, beginning in the 19th century, has seen a remarkable transformation, as Hindi gained recognition as a literary language. The Bhāratiya Jnanapith, established in 1955, is a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding works in various Indian languages, including Hindi. Notable authors from this era include:
- Munshi Premchand (1880–1936): Often considered the greatest Hindi writer, Premchand is renowned for his short stories and novels, which portray realistic social and political issues. His works include Godān, Sevāsādan, and Nirmala.
- Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' (1896–1961): Nirala was a prominent poet who composed his works using the chhayā-bella (shadow-verse) form, which is known for its melancholic tone and striking imagery. His works include Wokhlī and Pratham Lagan.
- Agyeya (1908–1987): Agyeya was an influential poet who rebelled against the traditional styles of Hindi poetry. His works include Nāyak and Sri Ramayana Mahanveshanam.
- Amrita Pritam (1919–2005): Amrita Pritam, a renowned Punjabi poet, also wrote extensively in Hindi. Her works include Aj Akhan Waris Shah Nu and Ek Chidambaram.
- Balraj Sahni (1913–1973): Sahni was a multifaceted artist, working as a screenwriter, actor, and director. He also wrote novels, such as Tudi Ke Din, and short stories, like "Khandan."
Contemporary Hindi Literature
Contemporary Hindi literature continues to evolve and challenge the boundaries of language and expression. Notable authors from this era include:
- Mahesh Ella (born 1955): Mahesh Ella's works, such as Kachcha Dhage and Raahgulami Ke Phool, have been recognized for their honest portrayal of Indian life and society.
- Shankar (born 1957): Shankar, a prominent poet, has written extensively on social and political issues. His works include Kavita Kee Mahima and Kavita Ke Khel.
- Yatish Sehgal (born 1957): Sehgal is a prolific poet and essayist, known for his unique style and approach to Hindi poetry. His works include Satyamev Jayate and Krantikari Kavita.
Institutions and Awards
Several institutions and awards have been established to promote Hindi literature and recognize outstanding works. The Sahitya Akademi, founded in 1954, is India's national academy of letters and serves as a platform for the development of literary art in Hindi and other Indian languages. The Premchand Award, established in 1971, recognizes outstanding works in Hindi prose. The Bharat Bhushan Samman, established in 2016, is awarded to authors who have made notable contributions to Hindi literature.
Conclusion
Hindi literature, with its rich history, diverse styles, and influential authors, has emerged as a powerful force in the world of literature. From the epic tales of the past to the contemporary reflections of society, Hindi literature continues to evolve, offering readers an invaluable tapestry of language and art.
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Description
Explore the vibrant tapestry of Hindi language and literature, from its early spiritual roots to the modern era of renowned poets, novelists, and playwrights. Learn about the significant works, genres, and influential authors that have shaped Hindi literature over the centuries.
