21 Questions
Which group of reptiles has two temporal holes, one above and below the postorbital bones?
Diapsids
What type of skull does a diapsid have?
Two holes
Which group of creatures lost many small dermal bones in the temporal region?
Reptiles
What is the function of temporal fenestration in reptiles?
To allow jaw muscles to attach
Which group of animals has a similar hyobranchial apparatus to reptiles?
Crocodilians
What is the evolutionary advantage of having temporal openings in reptile skulls?
Enhanced jaw muscle efficiency
What served as a fulcrum for the lower jaw (mandibular arch) when the palatoquadrate became the lower jaw?
Hyomandibula
What type of species had a Hyostylic hyobranchial apparatus in their jaws?
Derived sharks
Which nerve supplies the velum of lampreys and the jaws of gnathostomes?
5th cranial nerve (trigeminal)
What anatomical structure could have potentially evolved from the velum in lampreys?
Jaws
Which group of species had secondary Autostylic jaws, specifically for eating hard food and shellfish?
Tetrapods
In which group of species did the distance from eyes to snout lengthen as jaws also lengthened?
Extinct choanate fish
In living amphibians, which of the following is true about the skull?
Dermal bones in the orbital and temporal region are retained
Which structure becomes the columella, a simple auditory ossicle in frogs?
Dorsal hyoid
What happened to the dermal bones connecting the pectoral girdle to the skull in basal tetrapods?
They were completely lost
Which group lacks a dermatocranium according to the text?
Chondrichthyes
What feature characterizes the skull of early reptilomorphs?
Anapsid skull structure
Which statement is true regarding the development of temporal fenestration in gnathostomes?
Temporal fenestration develops from dermal bones alone
What happens to splenial bones in extant reptiles?
They are completely lost
Which element is a common factor in the evolution of jaw joints in most vertebrates?
Quadrate & articular bones are involved in jaw joints
In early reptilomorphs, what is notable about their skull structure?
Advanced development of temporal fenestration within the skull
Learn about the evolution of cranial skeleton in early reptiles, focusing on the variation in jaws, feeding mechanisms, and temporal regions. Understand the development of temporal fenestration and the classification based on the presence or absence of holes in the skull.
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