Evolution of Classification Systems in Biology
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Questions and Answers

What type of cell wall is present in the Fungi kingdom?

  • Cellulosic
  • Chitinous (correct)
  • Amino acid-based
  • Noncellulosic

    • Which kingdom is characterised by the presence of both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition?

  • Monera
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Protista (correct)

    • What is the body organisation of the Animalia kingdom?

  • Organ system (correct)
  • Cellular
  • Multicellular/loose tissue
  • Tissue/organ

    • Which kingdom has the ability to produce its own food through photosynthesis?

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cell type in the Animalia kingdom?

    <p>Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes organisms that are heterotrophic in nature?

    <p>Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the nuclear membrane in the Monera kingdom?

    <p>Absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes organisms that are saprophytic in nature?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of fungi, such as Penicillium?

    <p>Produce antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can fungi be typically found?

    <p>In air, water, soil, and on animals and plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why we keep food in the refrigerator?

    <p>To prevent bacterial or fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network of hyphae known as?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of fungal cell walls?

    <p>Chitin and polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for fungi that absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates?

    <p>Saprophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reproduction in fungi that involves the fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes?

    <p>Plasmogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structures in which spores are produced in fungi?

    <p>Fruiting bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included in the five kingdom system of classification?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of nutrition in Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Saprophytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is common to all members of Kingdom Protista?

    <p>Defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of organisms in Kingdom Animalia?

    <p>Heterotrophic and lacking cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alternation of generations in the life cycle of plants?

    <p>Gametophytic and sporophytic generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a class under Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Bryophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the cell walls of diatoms?

    <p>Siliceous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of nutrition of organisms in Kingdom Plantae?

    <p>Autotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cell wall of dinoflagellates?

    <p>It has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nutrition for euglenoids in the absence of sunlight?

    <p>Predation on other smaller organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the spores of slime moulds?

    <p>They possess true walls and are extremely resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of most euglenoids?

    <p>Stagnant water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of dinoflagellates that makes the sea appear red?

    <p>Their rapid multiplication and release of toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of nutrition of protozoans?

    <p>Heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do slime moulds engulf during their movement?

    <p>Decaying twigs and leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the body of euglenoids?

    <p>It is flexible due to a protein-rich layer called pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of amoeboid protozoans?

    <p>Formation of pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia in ciliated protozoans?

    <p>To steer water laden with food into the gullet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protozoan is known to cause malaria?

    <p>Sporozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nutrition for fungi?

    <p>Heterotrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a parasitic fungus?

    <p>White spots on mustard leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flagella in flagellated protozoans?

    <p>To move the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the false feet of amoeboid protozoans?

    <p>Pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cavity that opens to the outside of the cell surface in ciliated protozoans?

    <p>Gullet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification Systems for Living Organisms

    • Classification systems have undergone several changes over time, with the understanding of what groups or organisms to include in the kingdoms of life also changing.
    • The five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

    Characteristics of the Five Kingdoms

    • Monera: prokaryotic cells, non-cellulosic cell walls, absent nuclear membrane, cellular organization, autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
    • Protista: eukaryotic cells, present cell walls, present nuclear membrane, cellular organization, autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
    • Fungi: eukaryotic cells, present cell walls with chitin, present nuclear membrane, multicellular or loose tissue organization, heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
    • Plantae: eukaryotic cells, present cell walls with cellulose, present nuclear membrane, tissue/organ organization, autotrophic mode of nutrition.
    • Animalia: eukaryotic cells, absent cell walls, present nuclear membrane, tissue/organ system organization, heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

    Dinoflagellates

    • They are mostly marine and photosynthetic, with stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface of their cell walls.
    • They have two flagella, one lying longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.
    • They can undergo rapid multiplication, making the sea appear red (red tides), and releasing toxins that can kill other marine animals.

    Euglenoids

    • They are mostly freshwater organisms found in stagnant water, with a protein-rich layer called a pellicle instead of a cell wall.
    • They have two flagella, a short and a long one, and are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight.
    • They can behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms when deprived of sunlight.

    Slime Moulds

    • They are saprophytic protists that move along decaying twigs and leaves, engulfing organic material.
    • Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation called a plasmodium, which can grow and spread over several feet.
    • During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.

    Protozoans

    • They are all heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
    • They are believed to be primitive relatives of animals.
    • There are four major groups of protozoans: amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, and sporozoans.

    Kingdom Fungi

    • They are a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms, showing a great diversity in morphology and habitat.
    • They are composed of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae, which form a network called mycelium.
    • Their cell walls are composed of chitin and polysaccharides, and they are mostly heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates.
    • They can reproduce by vegetative means, asexual reproduction, and sexual reproduction.

    Exercises

    • Classification systems have undergone changes over time due to the evolution of new understanding of the characteristics of different organisms.
    • Two economically important uses of heterotrophic bacteria are:
      • Decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients.
      • Producing antibiotics and other medicinal products.
    • Two economically important uses of archaebacteria are:
      • Decomposing organic matter in extreme environments.
      • Producing biofuels and other industrial products.
    • The nature of cell walls in diatoms is that they are made of silica (silicon dioxide).
    • Algal bloom and red tides refer to the rapid growth and multiplication of algae and dinoflagellates, respectively, often causing harm to the environment and other organisms.
    • Viroids are different from viruses in that they are single-stranded RNA molecules that replicate and cause disease in plants, whereas viruses are composed of DNA or RNA and a protein coat.
    • The four major groups of protozoans are amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, and sporozoans.
    • Plants are autotrophic, but some plants can be partially heterotrophic, such as Indian pipe plant and Venus flytrap.
    • Phycobiont and mycobiont refer to the algal and fungal components, respectively, of a lichen.

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    Description

    Explore how classification systems for living organisms have changed over time, including the understanding of plant and animal kingdoms and the development of new kingdoms.

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