Gr 10 Physical Sciences Ch 2 SUM: The atom
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Questions and Answers

What is the original meaning of the Greek word ατoμoν (atom)?

  • Molecule
  • Indivisible (correct)
  • Divisible
  • Element

    • Who proposed the concept of atoms in the fifth century BC?

  • Marie and Pierre Curie
  • Democritus and Leucippus (correct)
  • John Dalton and J.J. Thomson
  • Galileo and Newton

    • What is the main difference between Dalton's model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?

  • The existence of protons
  • The combination of atoms in fixed ratios (correct)
  • The existence of neutrons
  • The existence of electrons

    • Who is credited with the discovery of the electron?

    <p>J.J. Thomson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'plum pudding model' of the atom?

    <p>A model of the atom with electrons embedded in a 'soup' of positive charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus?

    <p>The gold foil experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the discovery of radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie?

    <p>It paved the way for further advancements in atomic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>Atoms are solid spheres that combine in fixed ratios to form compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mass of a hydrogen atom in atomic mass units?

    <p>1 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of 1 atomic mass unit in grams?

    <p>1.67 × 10⁻²⁴ grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment lead to?

    <p>The proposal of a new model of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the majority of an atom's volume?

    <p>Empty space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all isotopes of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of protons and neutrons in an atom?

    <p>Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom's nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of a proton?

    <p>1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number (A) of an atom?

    <p>The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a neutron?

    <p>0 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of a neutron?

    <p>1.6749 × 10⁻²⁷ kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isotopes of an element have in common?

    <p>They have the same chemical symbol and number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'isotope'?

    <p>From the Greek words 'iso' and 'topos'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the chemical properties of isotopes?

    <p>They are the same due to the same number of protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing isotopes?

    <p>Element symbol and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rutherford's Nuclear Model suggest about the center of the atom?

    <p>A dense, positively charged nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Niels Bohr's model propose about electrons?

    <p>Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932?

    <p>A neutral particle in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals around the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit used to simplify atomic mass measurements?

    <p>Atomic mass unit (amu)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mass of a carbon atom in kilograms?

    <p>1.99 × 10⁻²⁶ kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass of the carbon-12 isotope?

    <p>12.0 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of atomic models in science?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of atomic models?

    <p>They are not able to provide a complete understanding of atomic structure and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of refining atomic models?

    <p>To advance our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the number of protons and neutrons in Cl-35?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Cl-37 in natural chlorine?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the average atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes?

    <p>(% Isotope 1 x Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + (% Isotope 2 x Atomic Mass of Isotope 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field uses isotopes in medical imaging and cancer treatment?

    <p>Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of electrons in an atom that has the lowest energy?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of Lithium?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons are in the first energy level of a neutral Fluorine atom?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of orbitals are present in the second energy level?

    <p>One s orbital and three p orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the principle that states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up?

    <p>Hund's Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the s orbitals?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Aufbau diagram?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrons are crucial in determining an element's chemical properties?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of electrons in an atom's outermost energy level?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the electron configuration?

    <p>To explain the chemical behavior of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?

    <p>The Octet Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrons in the inner energy levels of an atom?

    <p>Core electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the notation that provides a concise way to represent electron configurations?

    <p>Spectroscopic notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the p orbitals?

    <p>Dumbbell-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to the development of atomic models?

    <p>The idea that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main limitation of Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>It did not recognize the existence of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron?

    <p>It suggested that atoms are composed of even smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>The discovery of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Dalton's model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?

    <p>The idea that atoms can combine in fixed ratios in Dalton's model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of the models proposed by Democritus, Dalton, and Rutherford?

    <p>The idea that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main contribution of the discovery of radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie?

    <p>The advancement of atomic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the evolution of atomic models?

    <p>A cumulative process of building on previous ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's Nuclear Model?

    <p>Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron?

    <p>It completed the basic picture of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>Electrons orbit the nucleus in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of atomic models in science?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex atomic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do scientists use atomic mass units (amu) instead of kilograms?

    <p>Because the values in kilograms are too small and cumbersome to work with</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Bohr's Model?

    <p>It proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit used to simplify atomic mass measurements?

    <p>Atomic mass unit (amu)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Bohr's Model and the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>The nature of electron orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protons and neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They make up the atomic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrons in atoms?

    <p>To occupy the outer regions of atoms and interact with electrons from other atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of refining atomic models?

    <p>To advance our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit?

    <p>To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unexpected result observed by Rutherford in his alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>That some alpha particles were deflected at large angles, and a few even bounced back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mass of a proton in kilograms?

    <p>1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element?

    <p>Relative atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit in chemistry?

    <p>It provides a relative scale for comparing atomic masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the majority of an atom's volume?

    <p>It is empty space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic mass and diameter of an atom?

    <p>To understand the scale and structure of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom's nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number of an atom?

    <p>The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?

    <p>The formation of a cation or anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing isotopes?

    <p>Element symbol with atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protons in an atom?

    <p>To determine the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

    <p>A cation has fewer electrons than an anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number in an element?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isotopes of an element have in common?

    <p>They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the variation in the percentage of isotopes in nature?

    <p>The relative abundance of isotopes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>To take into account the relative abundance of isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding isotopes in environmental science?

    <p>It is crucial in studying climate change and geological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of electrons in an atom that has the highest energy?

    <p>The outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals collectively known as?

    <p>Electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an s orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an element that determines its chemical properties?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding electron configuration in chemistry?

    <p>It aids in studying the reactivity and chemical properties of elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy levels of electrons in an atom?

    <p>The distance of the energy levels from the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the formula for calculating the average atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes?

    <p>To take into account the relative abundance of isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first?

    <p>To achieve maximum stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of drawing an Aufbau diagram?

    <p>To show the electron configuration of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Hund's rule in electron configuration?

    <p>It states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation used to represent electron configurations in spectroscopic notation?

    <p>Numbers and letters with superscripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of p orbitals?

    <p>Dumbbell-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of valence electrons in an element's chemical properties?

    <p>They determine an element's chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?

    <p>Octet rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between core electrons and valence electrons?

    <p>Valence electrons are in the outermost energy level, while core electrons are in the inner energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration in chemistry?

    <p>To predict and explain an element's chemical behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na⁺)?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's Nuclear Model?

    <p>Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron?

    <p>It completed the basic picture of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (amu)?

    <p>To simplify atomic mass measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals around the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of atomic models?

    <p>They are incomplete and require continuous refinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Niels Bohr's model propose about electrons?

    <p>Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (amu) being based on the carbon-12 isotope?

    <p>It provides a convenient unit for measuring atomic masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of refining atomic models?

    <p>To develop a complete and accurate description of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Rutherford's Nuclear Model suggest about the center of the atom?

    <p>It is a dense, positively charged nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to the development of atomic models?

    <p>They introduced the concept of atoms as indivisible particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main limitation of Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>It did not account for the existence of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron?

    <p>It suggested that atoms are composed of even smaller particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main outcome of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It suggested the existence of a nucleus in the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the ancient Greek concept of atoms and Dalton's model?

    <p>Dalton's model recognized the existence of compounds, while the ancient Greek concept did not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Dalton's model and the plum pudding model?

    <p>They both propose that atoms are indivisible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of atomic models in science?

    <p>To understand the structure of atoms and how they interact with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of refining atomic models?

    <p>To improve our understanding of the structure of atoms and how they interact with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of protons in a Cl-35 atom?

    <p>17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>To account for the relative abundance of its isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field uses isotopes in studying climate change and geological processes?

    <p>Environmental Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of electrons in an atom that has the highest energy?

    <p>Third energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals called?

    <p>Electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can occupy an s orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the difference in atomic mass between Cl-35 and Cl-37?

    <p>Different number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of isotopes in medicine?

    <p>In both medical imaging and cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the atomic mass of an element and its isotopes?

    <p>The atomic mass is the average of the isotopes' masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit?

    <p>To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unexpected result of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles and a few bounced back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mass of an electron in kilograms?

    <p>9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To have no charge and contribute to the overall mass of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's model of the atom?

    <p>The atom consists of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass of an element?

    <p>It is essential for understanding the scale and structure of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the nucleus and the rest of the atom?

    <p>The nucleus is dense and has most of the atom's mass, while the rest of the atom is mostly empty space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between core and valence electrons?

    <p>Valence electrons are involved in chemical bonding, while core electrons are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hund's rule, how do electrons occupy orbitals?

    <p>Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the octet rule in chemistry?

    <p>It states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>The number of electrons in the valence shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the p orbitals?

    <p>Dumbbell-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Aufbau principle?

    <p>It describes the electron configuration of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na⁺)?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁶.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Aufbau diagram?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an atom using arrows to depict electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Pauli's exclusion principle?

    <p>It asserts that electrons have a property called spin, and two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number (A) of an atom?

    <p>The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing isotopes?

    <p>Element symbol with atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isotopes of an element have in common?

    <p>The same number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the chemical properties of isotopes?

    <p>They have the same chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of protons and neutrons in an atom?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key limitation of J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model?

    <p>It does not explain the arrangement of electrons within the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of John Dalton's model to the development of atomic models?

    <p>The proposal that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It led to the discovery of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Dalton's model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?

    <p>Dalton's model built on the ideas of Democritus, but introduced the concept of compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of the ancient Greek concept and John Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>They both propose that atoms are indivisible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Ernest Rutherford's Nuclear Model?

    <p>It proposes that the center of the atom is positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the evolution of atomic models?

    <p>Each new model builds on the ideas of the previous one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model to the development of atomic models?

    <p>It recognizes the existence of electrons, but does not explain their arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mass of a proton compare to the mass of an electron?

    <p>A proton is approximately 100 times heavier than an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit?

    <p>To provide a relative scale for comparing atomic masses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the empty space in an atom?

    <p>It makes up the majority of the atom's volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of protons and the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons determines the atomic number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>It led to the discovery of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>To calculate the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the electrons in an atom?

    <p>In the outer regions of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the mass of an atom and its relative atomic mass?

    <p>The mass of an atom is the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons, while the relative atomic mass is the average mass of all its isotopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the weighted average in calculating the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>It takes into account the relative abundance of each isotope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the average atomic mass of an element is not a whole number?

    <p>The existence of isotopes with different atomic masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of understanding isotopes in environmental science?

    <p>Investigating climate change and geological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which energy level do electrons with the lowest energy reside?

    <p>First energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an s orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements has an atomic number of 10?

    <p>Neon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the formula for calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>To take into account the relative abundances of an element's isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of orbitals present in the third energy level?

    <p>One s orbital, three p orbitals, and five d orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of isotopes in medicine?

    <p>Medical imaging and cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region around an atom where an electron is likely to be found?

    <p>Orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>The electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between Rutherford's Nuclear Model and Niels Bohr's Model?

    <p>The energy levels of electrons in the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron?

    <p>It completed the basic picture of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals with wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>To simplify atomic mass measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of atomic models?

    <p>They are unable to explain certain observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of refining atomic models?

    <p>To advance our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of the nucleus?

    <p>It proposed the existence of a dense, positively charged center of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Rutherford's Nuclear Model and the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>The description of electrons as waves or particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Bohr's Model?

    <p>Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>Stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number of an element?

    <p>It defines the identity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?

    <p>Atomic number is the number of protons, while atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes a cation or an anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing isotopes?

    <p>Using the element symbol and the atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protons in an atom?

    <p>They determine the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neutral atoms?

    <p>The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cations and anions?

    <p>Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass number?

    <p>It provides a measure of the mass of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first in an atom?

    <p>Because of the attraction between the electrons and the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Aufbau diagrams in representing an element's electron configuration?

    <p>They illustrate the energy levels and orbitals of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?

    <p>The atom becomes a ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines an element's chemical properties?

    <p>The electron configuration of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the octet rule, what is the preferred number of electrons in an atom's outermost energy level?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between core electrons and valence electrons?

    <p>Core electrons are in the inner energy levels, while valence electrons are in the outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the shapes of s and p orbitals in chemical bonding?

    <p>They influence the formation of chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrons in chemical reactions, according to the octet rule?

    <p>Electrons are involved in the formation of chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of understanding electron configuration in chemistry?

    <p>Predicting and explaining an element's chemical behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an element having a full valence shell, according to the octet rule?

    <p>The element is unreactive and stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Rutherford's Nuclear Model and Bohr's Model?

    <p>The energy levels of electrons in the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick?

    <p>It completed the basic picture of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary limitation of J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model?

    <p>Its inability to account for the arrangement of electrons within the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It provided evidence for the existence of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (amu)?

    <p>To simplify atomic mass measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?

    <p>Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to the development of atomic models?

    <p>They introduced the concept of atoms as indivisible particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary difference between Dalton's Model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?

    <p>Dalton's Model introduced the concept of compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the development of atomic models?

    <p>To describe the structure of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of atomic models?

    <p>They have limitations in describing atomic structure and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the discovery of radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie?

    <p>It paved the way for further advancements in atomic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment led to a new model of the atom?

    <p>The alpha particles were deflected by the gold foil at large angles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>It is the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrons in chemical reactions and bonding?

    <p>They occupy the outer regions of atoms, interacting with electrons from other atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why the atomic mass unit is used in atomic mass measurements?

    <p>It provides a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the nucleus of an atom that contains most of the atom's mass?

    <p>It is incredibly small compared to the atom's overall size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and the element's atomic number?

    <p>The number of protons is equal to the atomic number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To stabilize the nucleus and contribute to the atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isotopes is TRUE?

    <p>Isotopes have different atomic mass numbers but the same chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number (Z) of an element?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?

    <p>The atom becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the atomic number and the atomic mass number of an atom?

    <p>The atomic number is the number of protons, while the atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing isotopes of an element?

    <p>The element symbol with the atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in atomic mass between Cl-35 and Cl-37?

    <p>Number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fields does not use isotopes?

    <p>Biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of filling orbitals in an energy level?

    <p>s, p, d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of multiplying the percentage of an isotope by its atomic mass in the formula for calculating average atomic mass?

    <p>The average atomic mass of the element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy level of an electron and its distance from the nucleus?

    <p>Electrons with higher energy are further from the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy level of a neutral atom?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Aufbau diagram in understanding electron configuration?

    <p>It illustrates the energy levels of electrons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pauli's Exclusion Principle, what is the condition for two electrons in the same orbital?

    <p>They must have opposite spins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in determining the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>The number of electrons in the outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of p orbitals?

    <p>Dumbbell-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the octet rule in understanding chemical behavior?

    <p>To explain why atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Hund's rule in understanding electron configuration?

    <p>It states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of core electrons in an atom?

    <p>They are not involved in chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?

    <p>The creation of an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the valence shell in understanding chemical behavior?

    <p>It is responsible for the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Bohr's Model of the atom?

    <p>Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels and can only occupy certain orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?

    <p>Neutrons have no charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit used to simplify atomic mass measurements?

    <p>Atomic mass units (amu)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of atomic models?

    <p>They have limitations and cannot fully describe the behavior of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of atomic models in science?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom?

    <p>Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals around the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the atomic mass unit?

    <p>To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unexpected result of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles and a few bounced back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element?

    <p>Relative atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>Positive (+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the electrons in an atom?

    <p>In the outer regions of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nucleus in an atom?

    <p>It contains most of the atom's mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea behind Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>Atoms are indivisible particles that combine in fixed ratios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model suggest about the structure of atoms?

    <p>Atoms are composed of electrons embedded in a positive charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It led to the discovery of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the evolution of atomic models?

    <p>Each new model builds on the ideas of previous models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common thread between the ancient Greek concept of atoms and Dalton's model?

    <p>The idea of atoms being indivisible particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to our understanding of atoms?

    <p>They proposed the existence of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the chemical properties of isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have identical chemical properties due to the same number of protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass number?

    <p>To provide a measure of the mass of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing isotopes of an element?

    <p>Element symbol and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Cl-35 and Cl-37 isotopes of chlorine?

    <p>Number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>To determine the relative abundance of isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of energy levels in an atom?

    <p>They determine the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of isotopes in medicine?

    <p>They are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of electrons in the first energy level of a neutral Lithium atom?

    <p>2 electrons in the first energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe electrons that are in the same orbital?

    <p>Electron pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up?

    <p>Hund's rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the p orbitals?

    <p>Dumbbell-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration?

    <p>To predict the reactivity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation used to represent electron configurations?

    <p>Spectroscopic notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins?

    <p>Pauli's exclusion principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of electrons that has the lowest energy?

    <p>1s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the electron configuration of an ion?

    <p>Ion configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

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