312 Questions
What is the original meaning of the Greek word ατoμoν (atom)?
Indivisible
Who proposed the concept of atoms in the fifth century BC?
Democritus and Leucippus
What is the main difference between Dalton's model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?
The combination of atoms in fixed ratios
Who is credited with the discovery of the electron?
J.J. Thomson
What is the 'plum pudding model' of the atom?
A model of the atom with electrons embedded in a 'soup' of positive charge
What experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus?
The gold foil experiment
What was the significance of the discovery of radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie?
It paved the way for further advancements in atomic models
What is the main characteristic of Dalton's model of the atom?
Atoms are solid spheres that combine in fixed ratios to form compounds
What is the approximate mass of a hydrogen atom in atomic mass units?
1 u
What is the value of 1 atomic mass unit in grams?
1.67 × 10⁻²⁴ grams
What did Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment lead to?
The proposal of a new model of the atom
What is the majority of an atom's volume?
Empty space
What is the relative atomic mass of an element?
The average mass of all isotopes of an element
What is the charge of an electron?
-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
What is the role of neutrons in an atom?
They stabilize the nucleus
What is the location of protons and neutrons in an atom?
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus
What determines the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
What is the mass of a proton?
1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
The number of protons in an atom
What is the atomic mass number (A) of an atom?
The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
What is the charge of a neutron?
0 C
What is the difference between isotopes of an element?
They have different numbers of neutrons
What is the mass of a neutron?
1.6749 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
What do isotopes of an element have in common?
They have the same chemical symbol and number of protons
What is the origin of the term 'isotope'?
From the Greek words 'iso' and 'topos'
What is true about the chemical properties of isotopes?
They are the same due to the same number of protons and electrons
What is the notation for representing isotopes?
Element symbol and atomic mass number
What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?
It becomes an ion
What did Rutherford's Nuclear Model suggest about the center of the atom?
A dense, positively charged nucleus
What did Niels Bohr's model propose about electrons?
Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels
What was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932?
A neutral particle in the nucleus
What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?
Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals around the nucleus
What is the unit used to simplify atomic mass measurements?
Atomic mass unit (amu)
What is the approximate mass of a carbon atom in kilograms?
1.99 × 10⁻²⁶ kg
What is the atomic mass of the carbon-12 isotope?
12.0 u
What is the purpose of atomic models in science?
To visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed
What is the main limitation of atomic models?
They are not able to provide a complete understanding of atomic structure and behavior
What is the main goal of refining atomic models?
To advance our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter
What is the difference between the number of protons and neutrons in Cl-35?
1
What is the percentage of Cl-37 in natural chlorine?
25%
What is the formula to calculate the average atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes?
(% Isotope 1 x Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + (% Isotope 2 x Atomic Mass of Isotope 2)
What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?
35.5 u
Which field uses isotopes in medical imaging and cancer treatment?
Medicine
What is the energy level of electrons in an atom that has the lowest energy?
1
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?
2
What is the atomic number of Lithium?
3
How many electrons are in the first energy level of a neutral Fluorine atom?
2
What type of orbitals are present in the second energy level?
One s orbital and three p orbitals
What is the name of the principle that states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up?
Hund's Rule
What is the shape of the s orbitals?
Spherical
What is the purpose of the Aufbau diagram?
To represent the electron configuration of an atom
What type of electrons are crucial in determining an element's chemical properties?
Valence electrons
What is the term for the number of electrons in an atom's outermost energy level?
Valence electrons
What is the purpose of the electron configuration?
To explain the chemical behavior of an element
What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?
The Octet Rule
What is the term for the electrons in the inner energy levels of an atom?
Core electrons
What is the term for the notation that provides a concise way to represent electron configurations?
Spectroscopic notation
What is the shape of the p orbitals?
Dumbbell-shaped
What is the main contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to the development of atomic models?
The idea that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms
What was the main limitation of Dalton's model of the atom?
It did not recognize the existence of electrons
What was the significance of J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron?
It suggested that atoms are composed of even smaller particles
What was the main finding of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
The discovery of the nucleus
What is the main difference between Dalton's model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?
The idea that atoms can combine in fixed ratios in Dalton's model
What is the common feature of the models proposed by Democritus, Dalton, and Rutherford?
The idea that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms
What was the main contribution of the discovery of radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie?
The advancement of atomic models
What is the main characteristic of the evolution of atomic models?
A cumulative process of building on previous ideas
What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's Nuclear Model?
Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons
What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron?
It completed the basic picture of atomic structure
What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?
Electrons orbit the nucleus in probabilistic orbitals
What is the purpose of atomic models in science?
To visualize and understand complex atomic systems
Why do scientists use atomic mass units (amu) instead of kilograms?
Because the values in kilograms are too small and cumbersome to work with
What is the significance of Bohr's Model?
It proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels
What is the unit used to simplify atomic mass measurements?
Atomic mass unit (amu)
What is the main difference between Bohr's Model and the Quantum Mechanical Model?
The nature of electron orbits
What is the role of protons and neutrons in an atom?
They make up the atomic nucleus
What is the primary function of electrons in atoms?
To occupy the outer regions of atoms and interact with electrons from other atoms
What is the main goal of refining atomic models?
To advance our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter
What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit?
To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms
What was the unexpected result observed by Rutherford in his alpha-particle scattering experiment?
That some alpha particles were deflected at large angles, and a few even bounced back
What is the approximate mass of a proton in kilograms?
1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
What is the term for the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element?
Relative atomic mass
What is the charge of a proton?
+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
What is the composition of the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What is the significance of the atomic mass unit in chemistry?
It provides a relative scale for comparing atomic masses
What is the characteristic of the majority of an atom's volume?
It is empty space
What is the purpose of understanding the atomic mass and diameter of an atom?
To understand the scale and structure of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter
What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?
To stabilize the nucleus
What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
What is the atomic mass number of an atom?
The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?
They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers
What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?
The formation of a cation or anion
What is the notation for representing isotopes?
Element symbol with atomic mass number
What is the role of protons in an atom?
To determine the chemical properties of an element
What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
A cation has fewer electrons than an anion
What is the significance of the atomic number in an element?
It determines the chemical properties of an element
What do isotopes of an element have in common?
They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers
What is the primary reason for the variation in the percentage of isotopes in nature?
The relative abundance of isotopes in the environment
What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?
To take into account the relative abundance of isotopes
What is the significance of understanding isotopes in environmental science?
It is crucial in studying climate change and geological processes
What is the energy level of electrons in an atom that has the highest energy?
The outermost energy level
What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals collectively known as?
Electron configuration
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an s orbital?
2
What is the atomic number of an element that determines its chemical properties?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What is the importance of understanding electron configuration in chemistry?
It aids in studying the reactivity and chemical properties of elements
What is the difference between the energy levels of electrons in an atom?
The distance of the energy levels from the nucleus
What is the purpose of the formula for calculating the average atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes?
To take into account the relative abundance of isotopes
What is the primary reason why electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first?
To achieve maximum stability
What is the purpose of drawing an Aufbau diagram?
To show the electron configuration of an element
What is the significance of Hund's rule in electron configuration?
It states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly
What is the notation used to represent electron configurations in spectroscopic notation?
Numbers and letters with superscripts
What is the shape of p orbitals?
Dumbbell-shaped
What is the significance of valence electrons in an element's chemical properties?
They determine an element's chemical properties
What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?
Octet rule
What is the main difference between core electrons and valence electrons?
Valence electrons are in the outermost energy level, while core electrons are in the inner energy levels
What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration in chemistry?
To predict and explain an element's chemical behavior
What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na⁺)?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶
What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's Nuclear Model?
Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons
What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron?
It completed the basic picture of atomic structure
What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (amu)?
To simplify atomic mass measurements
What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?
Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals around the nucleus
What is the role of atomic models in science?
To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed
What is the limitation of atomic models?
They are incomplete and require continuous refinement
What did Niels Bohr's model propose about electrons?
Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels
What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (amu) being based on the carbon-12 isotope?
It provides a convenient unit for measuring atomic masses
What is the main goal of refining atomic models?
To develop a complete and accurate description of atomic structure
What does Rutherford's Nuclear Model suggest about the center of the atom?
It is a dense, positively charged nucleus
What was the primary contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to the development of atomic models?
They introduced the concept of atoms as indivisible particles.
What was the main limitation of Dalton's model of the atom?
It did not account for the existence of electrons.
What was the significance of J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron?
It suggested that atoms are composed of even smaller particles.
What was the main outcome of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
It suggested the existence of a nucleus in the atom.
What is the main difference between the ancient Greek concept of atoms and Dalton's model?
Dalton's model recognized the existence of compounds, while the ancient Greek concept did not.
What is a common feature of Dalton's model and the plum pudding model?
They both propose that atoms are indivisible.
What is the primary purpose of atomic models in science?
To understand the structure of atoms and how they interact with each other.
What is the main goal of refining atomic models?
To improve our understanding of the structure of atoms and how they interact with each other.
What is the number of protons in a Cl-35 atom?
17
What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?
To account for the relative abundance of its isotopes
Which field uses isotopes in studying climate change and geological processes?
Environmental Science
What is the energy level of electrons in an atom that has the highest energy?
Third energy level
What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals called?
Electron configuration
What determines the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons
How many electrons can occupy an s orbital?
2
What is the reason for the difference in atomic mass between Cl-35 and Cl-37?
Different number of neutrons
What is the role of isotopes in medicine?
In both medical imaging and cancer treatment
What is the relationship between the atomic mass of an element and its isotopes?
The atomic mass is the average of the isotopes' masses
What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit?
To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms
What was the unexpected result of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?
Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles and a few bounced back
What is the approximate mass of an electron in kilograms?
9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
What is the charge of a proton?
+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
What is the role of neutrons in an atom?
To have no charge and contribute to the overall mass of the atom
What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's model of the atom?
The atom consists of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons
What is the relative atomic mass of an element?
The average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
What is the significance of the atomic mass of an element?
It is essential for understanding the scale and structure of atoms
What is the composition of the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What is the main difference between the nucleus and the rest of the atom?
The nucleus is dense and has most of the atom's mass, while the rest of the atom is mostly empty space
What is the main difference between core and valence electrons?
Valence electrons are involved in chemical bonding, while core electrons are not.
What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?
To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations.
According to Hund's rule, how do electrons occupy orbitals?
Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up.
What is the significance of the octet rule in chemistry?
It states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell.
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
The number of electrons in the valence shell.
What is the shape of the p orbitals?
Dumbbell-shaped.
What is the significance of the Aufbau principle?
It describes the electron configuration of atoms.
What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na⁺)?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
What is the purpose of an Aufbau diagram?
To represent the electron configuration of an atom using arrows to depict electrons.
What is the significance of Pauli's exclusion principle?
It asserts that electrons have a property called spin, and two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.
What is the primary role of neutrons in an atom?
To stabilize the nucleus
What is the atomic mass number (A) of an atom?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
What is the difference between isotopes of an element?
They have different numbers of neutrons
What is the notation for representing isotopes?
Element symbol with atomic mass number
What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?
It becomes an ion
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
The number of protons in an atom
What do isotopes of an element have in common?
The same number of protons
What is true about the chemical properties of isotopes?
They have the same chemical properties
What is the location of protons and neutrons in an atom?
In the nucleus
What determines the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in an atom
What is the key limitation of J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model?
It does not explain the arrangement of electrons within the atom.
What is the primary contribution of John Dalton's model to the development of atomic models?
The proposal that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms.
What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
It led to the discovery of the nucleus.
What is the primary difference between Dalton's model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?
Dalton's model built on the ideas of Democritus, but introduced the concept of compounds.
What is the common feature of the ancient Greek concept and John Dalton's model of the atom?
They both propose that atoms are indivisible.
What is the main characteristic of Ernest Rutherford's Nuclear Model?
It proposes that the center of the atom is positively charged.
What is the key feature of the evolution of atomic models?
Each new model builds on the ideas of the previous one.
What is the primary contribution of J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model to the development of atomic models?
It recognizes the existence of electrons, but does not explain their arrangement.
How does the mass of a proton compare to the mass of an electron?
A proton is approximately 100 times heavier than an electron.
What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit?
To provide a relative scale for comparing atomic masses.
What is the significance of the empty space in an atom?
It makes up the majority of the atom's volume.
What is the relationship between the number of protons and the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons determines the atomic number.
What is the significance of the alpha-particle scattering experiment?
It led to the discovery of the nucleus.
What is the purpose of the relative atomic mass of an element?
To calculate the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
What is the charge of a proton?
+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
What is the location of the electrons in an atom?
In the outer regions of the atom
What is the main difference between the mass of an atom and its relative atomic mass?
The mass of an atom is the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons, while the relative atomic mass is the average mass of all its isotopes.
What is the significance of the weighted average in calculating the relative atomic mass of an element?
It takes into account the relative abundance of each isotope.
What is the primary reason why the average atomic mass of an element is not a whole number?
The existence of isotopes with different atomic masses
What is the main significance of understanding isotopes in environmental science?
Investigating climate change and geological processes
In which energy level do electrons with the lowest energy reside?
First energy level
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an s orbital?
2
Which of the following elements has an atomic number of 10?
Neon
What is the purpose of the formula for calculating the average atomic mass of an element?
To take into account the relative abundances of an element's isotopes
What is the type of orbitals present in the third energy level?
One s orbital, three p orbitals, and five d orbitals
What is the primary application of isotopes in medicine?
Medical imaging and cancer treatment
What is the term for the region around an atom where an electron is likely to be found?
Orbital
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
The electron configuration of an atom
What is the fundamental difference between Rutherford's Nuclear Model and Niels Bohr's Model?
The energy levels of electrons in the atom
What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron?
It completed the basic picture of atomic structure
What is the main characteristic of the Quantum Mechanical Model?
Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals with wave-particle duality
What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (u)?
To simplify atomic mass measurements
What is the role of atomic models in science?
To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed
What is the main limitation of atomic models?
They are unable to explain certain observations
What is the main goal of refining atomic models?
To advance our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter
What is the significance of the discovery of the nucleus?
It proposed the existence of a dense, positively charged center of the atom
What is the main difference between Rutherford's Nuclear Model and the Quantum Mechanical Model?
The description of electrons as waves or particles
What is the main feature of Bohr's Model?
Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels
What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?
Stabilize the nucleus
What is the significance of the atomic number of an element?
It defines the identity of an element
What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
Atomic number is the number of protons, while atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons
What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?
They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers
What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?
It becomes a cation or an anion
What is the notation for representing isotopes?
Using the element symbol and the atomic mass number
What is the role of protons in an atom?
They determine the chemical properties of an element
What is the characteristic of neutral atoms?
The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons
What is the difference between cations and anions?
Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions
What is the significance of the atomic mass number?
It provides a measure of the mass of the nucleus
What is the main reason electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first in an atom?
Because of the attraction between the electrons and the nucleus
What is the significance of Aufbau diagrams in representing an element's electron configuration?
They illustrate the energy levels and orbitals of an atom
What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?
The atom becomes a ion
What is the primary factor that determines an element's chemical properties?
The electron configuration of the atom
According to the octet rule, what is the preferred number of electrons in an atom's outermost energy level?
8
What is the main difference between core electrons and valence electrons?
Core electrons are in the inner energy levels, while valence electrons are in the outermost energy level
What is the significance of the shapes of s and p orbitals in chemical bonding?
They influence the formation of chemical bonds
What is the role of electrons in chemical reactions, according to the octet rule?
Electrons are involved in the formation of chemical bonds
What is the primary application of understanding electron configuration in chemistry?
Predicting and explaining an element's chemical behavior
What is the result of an element having a full valence shell, according to the octet rule?
The element is unreactive and stable
What is the primary difference between Rutherford's Nuclear Model and Bohr's Model?
The energy levels of electrons in the atom
What is the significance of the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick?
It completed the basic picture of atomic structure
What was the primary limitation of J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model?
Its inability to account for the arrangement of electrons within the atom
What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
It provided evidence for the existence of the nucleus
What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (amu)?
To simplify atomic mass measurements
What is a key feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model?
Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals
What was the primary contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to the development of atomic models?
They introduced the concept of atoms as indivisible particles
What was the primary difference between Dalton's Model and the ancient Greek concept of atoms?
Dalton's Model introduced the concept of compounds
What is the role of atomic models in science?
To help visualize and understand complex systems
What was the primary goal of the development of atomic models?
To describe the structure of atoms
What is the main limitation of atomic models?
They have limitations in describing atomic structure and behavior
What was the significance of the discovery of radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie?
It paved the way for further advancements in atomic models
What is the primary reason why Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment led to a new model of the atom?
The alpha particles were deflected by the gold foil at large angles.
What is the significance of the relative atomic mass of an element?
It is the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance.
What is the primary function of electrons in chemical reactions and bonding?
They occupy the outer regions of atoms, interacting with electrons from other atoms.
What is the reason why the atomic mass unit is used in atomic mass measurements?
It provides a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms.
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of an atom that contains most of the atom's mass?
It is incredibly small compared to the atom's overall size.
What is the relationship between the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and the element's atomic number?
The number of protons is equal to the atomic number.
What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?
To stabilize the nucleus and contribute to the atomic mass
Which of the following statements about isotopes is TRUE?
Isotopes have different atomic mass numbers but the same chemical properties
What is the significance of the atomic number (Z) of an element?
It determines the chemical properties of an element
What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?
The atom becomes an ion
What is the difference between the atomic number and the atomic mass number of an atom?
The atomic number is the number of protons, while the atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons
What is the notation for representing isotopes of an element?
The element symbol with the atomic mass number
What is the primary reason for the difference in atomic mass between Cl-35 and Cl-37?
Number of neutrons
Which of the following fields does not use isotopes?
Biology
What is the correct sequence of filling orbitals in an energy level?
s, p, d
What is the result of multiplying the percentage of an isotope by its atomic mass in the formula for calculating average atomic mass?
The average atomic mass of the element
What is the relationship between the energy level of an electron and its distance from the nucleus?
Electrons with higher energy are further from the nucleus
What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy level of a neutral atom?
8
What is the significance of the Aufbau diagram in understanding electron configuration?
It illustrates the energy levels of electrons in an atom
According to Pauli's Exclusion Principle, what is the condition for two electrons in the same orbital?
They must have opposite spins
What is the key factor in determining the chemical properties of an element?
The number of electrons in the outermost energy level
What is the shape of p orbitals?
Dumbbell-shaped
What is the purpose of the octet rule in understanding chemical behavior?
To explain why atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell
What is the significance of Hund's rule in understanding electron configuration?
It states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up
What is the role of core electrons in an atom?
They are not involved in chemical reactions
What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?
To represent the electron configuration of an element
What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?
The creation of an ion
What is the significance of the valence shell in understanding chemical behavior?
It is responsible for the chemical properties of an element
What is the main feature of Bohr's Model of the atom?
Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels and can only occupy certain orbits.
What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
Neutrons have no charge.
What is the unit used to simplify atomic mass measurements?
Atomic mass units (amu)
What is the main limitation of atomic models?
They have limitations and cannot fully describe the behavior of atoms.
What is the purpose of atomic models in science?
To visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed.
What is the main feature of the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom?
Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals around the nucleus.
What is the main purpose of the atomic mass unit?
To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms
What was the unexpected result of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?
Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles and a few bounced back
What is the term for the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element?
Relative atomic mass
What is the charge of a proton?
Positive (+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C)
What is the location of the electrons in an atom?
In the outer regions of the atom
What is the significance of the nucleus in an atom?
It contains most of the atom's mass
What is the key idea behind Dalton's model of the atom?
Atoms are indivisible particles that combine in fixed ratios
What did J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model suggest about the structure of atoms?
Atoms are composed of electrons embedded in a positive charge
What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
It led to the discovery of the nucleus
What is the main characteristic of the evolution of atomic models?
Each new model builds on the ideas of previous models
What is the common thread between the ancient Greek concept of atoms and Dalton's model?
The idea of atoms being indivisible particles
What is the main contribution of Democritus and Leucippus to our understanding of atoms?
They proposed the existence of atoms
What is the primary role of neutrons in an atom?
To stabilize the nucleus
What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What is true about the chemical properties of isotopes of an element?
They have identical chemical properties due to the same number of protons and electrons
What is the purpose of the atomic mass number?
To provide a measure of the mass of the nucleus
What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?
It becomes an ion
What is the notation for representing isotopes of an element?
Element symbol and atomic mass number
What is the main difference between Cl-35 and Cl-37 isotopes of chlorine?
Number of neutrons
What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?
To determine the relative abundance of isotopes
What is the significance of energy levels in an atom?
They determine the electron configuration of an atom
What is the importance of isotopes in medicine?
They are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment
What is the arrangement of electrons in the first energy level of a neutral Lithium atom?
2 electrons in the first energy level
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?
2 electrons
What is the term used to describe electrons that are in the same orbital?
Electron pair
What is the rule that states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up?
Hund's rule
What is the shape of the p orbitals?
Dumbbell-shaped
What is the term used to describe the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?
Valence electrons
What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration?
To predict the reactivity of an element
What is the notation used to represent electron configurations?
Spectroscopic notation
What is the principle that states that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins?
Pauli's exclusion principle
What is the energy level of electrons that has the lowest energy?
1s
What is the electron configuration of fluorine?
1s² 2s² 2p⁵
What is the term used to describe the electron configuration of an ion?
Ion configuration
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