Evolution: Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance

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Questions and Answers

What primary factor contributes to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

  • Decreased mutation rates in bacterial DNA.
  • Increased exposure to sunlight.
  • A sudden surplus of nutrients in the environment.
  • Changes allowing bacteria to withstand antibiotics. (correct)

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, what determines which organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce?

  • The organisms that are the strongest in a physical fight.
  • The organisms that possess the most advantageous traits for a specific environment. (correct)
  • The organisms that can consume the most food.
  • The organisms that can adapt to a new environment within a single generation.

Which of the following best describes the process of evolution?

  • The process where an organism strives to acquire new traits during its lifetime.
  • The immediate adaptation of an organism to changes in its immediate surroundings.
  • The gradual change in the characteristics of living things over long periods. (correct)
  • The sudden and drastic change in an organism's physical appearance.

What is the core principle behind natural selection?

<p>Traits increasing in a population because they enhance survival and reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evolutionary terms, what does 'fitness' primarily refer to?

<p>An organism's ability to survive and reproduce effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Lamarck's and Darwin's theories of evolution differ?

<p>Lamarck thought traits acquired during an organism's life could be passed to offspring, whereas Darwin focused on inherited traits leading to differential survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies microevolution?

<p>A beetle population evolving resistance to a new pesticide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

<p>Microevolution happens over short periods, while macroevolution happens over long periods, leading to new species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does comparative morphology reveal about different species?

<p>Whether or not species share a common ancestor via structural similarities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of homologous structures?

<p>The arm of a human and the flipper of a whale. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates analogous structures?

<p>The wings of birds and insects, both used for flight but with different underlying structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vestigial structures?

<p>Structures that have lost their original function through evolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides anatomical evidence, which of the following provides strong evidence for evolution?

<p>The fossil record showing transitions in species over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does DNA evidence support the theory of evolution?

<p>By demonstrating that closely related species have more similar DNA sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the similarity of embryos among different species suggest?

<p>Species with similar embryonic development share a common ancestor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In directional selection, which trait is favored?

<p>An extreme trait at one end of the spectrum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of stabilizing selection?

<p>A decrease in the diversity of the population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of disruptive selection on a population?

<p>A decrease in the number of individuals with average traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can natural selection lead to speciation?

<p>By creating barriers that prevent gene flow between populations, leading to divergence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structures indicate that different animals share common ancestry?

<p>Homologous structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is convergent evolution?

<p>The process where similar traits evolve independently in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of divergent evolution?

<p>Related species becoming more different due to different environmental conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptive radiation?

<p>The rapid diversification of a single ancestral species into many new forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gradualism and punctuated equilibrium differ as models of evolutionary change?

<p>Gradualism emphasizes constant, slow change, while punctuated equilibrium emphasizes long periods of stasis interrupted by rapid change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that leads to evolution?

<p>Perfect Cloning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic drift?

<p>The random changes in allele frequencies in a population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the founder effect?

<p>When a small group starts a new population with only their traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a bottleneck effect?

<p>A disaster reduces population size and only a few traits remain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena would LEAST likely lead to allopatric speciation?

<p>An accidental mating between two species that creates a fertile offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best describes ALL the genes in a population at any given time?

<p>A gene pool. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antibiotic Resistance

When bacteria change and become strong enough to survive antibiotics, often due to overuse or incorrect usage.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Animals and plants change over time, with those having the best traits surviving and passing them on.

Evolution

How living things slowly change over time to survive better in their environment.

Natural Selection

Animals with the best traits survive and pass those traits to their offspring.

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Fitness (in evolution)

How well an animal or plant survives and reproduces. More offspring equals higher fitness.

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Lamarck's Theory

The idea that animals could change during their lifetime and pass those changes to their babies.

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Microevolution

Small changes in a species over a short time.

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Macroevolution

Evolutionary changes occurring over a long time period.

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Comparative Morphology

Comparing body parts of different animals to see how they are related.

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Homologous Structures

Same structure, different use (e.g., human arm and whale's flipper).

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Analogous Structures

Different structure, same use (e.g., bird wings and insect wings).

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Vestigial Structures

Body parts that don't have a use anymore (e.g., human appendix).

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Anatomical Structures and Ancestry

Animals with similar body parts may have come from the same ancestor.

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Convergent Evolution

When different animals develop similar traits because they live in similar places.

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Divergent Evolution

When related animals become different because they live in different environments.

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Adaptive Radiation

One species quickly changes into many different types.

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Gradualism

Evolution is slow and gradual.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

Evolution happens fast at times, then slows for a while.

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Natural Selection

Helpful traits get passed on.

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Mutation

Random changes in genes.

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Gene Flow

Animals moving and sharing genes.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in a small population's traits.

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Non-random Mating

Animals choose mates with certain traits.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in a small population's traits.

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Founder Effect

When a small group starts a new population with only their traits.

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Bottleneck Effect

When a disaster reduces a population and only a few traits remain.

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Gene Pool

All the genes in a population.

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Species

A group of animals that can mate and have babies that can also have babies.

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Speciation

When a group of animals changes enough to become a new species.

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Allopatric Speciation

A group gets separated and changes into a new species.

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Study Notes

  • These notes cover key concepts in evolution, including antibiotic resistance, natural selection, speciation, and phylogenetic analysis.

Antibiotic Resistance

  • Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to survive exposure to antibiotics
  • This happens when antibiotics are overused or incorrectly used, allowing the strongest bacteria to survive and multiply.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

  • Animals and plants change over time
  • Those with the best traits survive, reproduce, and pass on those traits.

Definition of Evolution

  • Living things slowly change over time
  • It allows them to survive better in their environment.

Natural Selection

  • Animals with the best traits survive and pass those traits to their offspring
  • Natural selection is also called "survival of the fittest”.

Meaning of Fitness in Evolution

  • Fitness is how well an animal or plant survives and reproduces
  • More offspring indicate higher fitness.

Lamarck's Theory vs. Darwin's Theory

  • Lamarck believed animals could change during their lifetime and pass those changes to their offspring
  • Example: a giraffe stretching its neck would have offspring with longer necks
  • Darwin stated that only animals with the best traits survive and pass those traits to their babies.
  • Lamarck was inaccurate because changes to muscles from working out are not passed to offspring

Microevolution

  • Small changes in a species over a short time
  • Example: Bugs becoming resistant to bug spray.

Macroevolution

  • Large changes over a long time
  • Example: Dinosaurs evolving into birds.

Comparative Morphology

  • Scientists compare body parts of different animals
  • It helps scientists to see how the animals are related.

Anatomical Evidence in Evolution

  • Homologous structures: Same structure, different use
  • Human arm and a whale's flipper
  • Analogous structures: Different structure, same use
  • Bird wings and insect wings
  • Vestigial structures: Body parts that don't have a use anymore
  • Human appendix, whale pelvis

Other Types of Evidence for Evolution

  • Fossils: Show how animals have changed over time.
  • DNA: Similar DNA indicates animals are related.
  • Embryos: Similarities in early stages show common ancestry.

Natural Selection Patterns

  • Directional Selection:

  • The population shifts toward one side because individuals with a certain extreme trait survive better

  • Stabilizing Selection:

  • The population stays more in the middle because extreme traits don't survive as well.

  • Disruptive Selection:

  • The population splits, favoring individuals with extreme traits on both sides instead of the middle.

Speciation and Natural Selection

  • Animals with helpful traits survive and reproduce.
  • Separated groups of animals can change and become different species over time.

Anatomical Structures and Common Ancestry

  • Animals with similar body parts might have come from the same ancestor.
  • Humans, bats, and whales have similar arm bones.

Convergent Evolution

  • Different animals develop similar traits because they live in similar places
  • Birds and bats both have wings

Divergent Evolution

  • Related animals become different because they live in different environments
  • Different beaks of finches.

Adaptive Radiation

  • One species quickly changes into many different types
  • Mammals after dinosaurs went extinct

Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium

  • Gradualism states evolution is slow
  • Punctuated equilibrium states evolution happens fast at times, then slows for a while.

Factors Leading to Evolution

  • Natural Selection: Helpful traits get passed on
  • Mutation: Random changes in genes
  • Gene Flow: Animals moving and sharing genes
  • Genetic Drift: Random changes in small groups
  • Non-random Mating: Animals choose mates with certain traits.

Genetic Drift

  • Random changes in a small population's traits.

Founder Effect

  • When a small group starts a new population with only their traits.

Bottleneck Effect

  • When a disaster reduces a population and only a few traits remain.

Gene Pool

  • All the genes in a population

Definition of a Species

  • A group of animals that can mate and have babies that can also have babies.

Causes of Speciation

  • When a group of animals changes enough to become a new species.

Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation

  • Allopatric: A group gets separated and changes into a new species
  • Sympatric: A group stays together but changes into a new species due to different behavior or food.

Cladograms

  • Diagram that shows how different species are related based on shared traits
  • Two species are closely related if they share a common branch and have similar traits on the diagram.

Phylogenetic Trees

  • Show the evolutionary relationships between species
  • Shows how species have evolved from common ancestors.
  • The organisms that are closest on the tree, sharing the most recent common ancestor, are the most closely related.

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