Évolution des Banques Centrales et Émission Monétaire
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Questions and Answers

Quel événement a confirmé le monopole de la Banque d'Angleterre en 1946 ?

  • L'augmentation des banques départementales d'émission
  • La nationalisation de la Banque d'Angleterre (correct)
  • La création de succursales par la Banque de France
  • La cessation d'émission d'une banque en Écosse
  • Quelle était la situation bancaire en France lors de la création de la Banque de France en 1800 ?

  • Interdiction d'émettre des billets
  • Rachat de toutes les banques privées
  • Liberté de création des banques commerciales d'émission (correct)
  • Monopole d'État sur l'émission de billets
  • Quelle banque est devenue la seule à émettre des billets à Paris en 1803 ?

  • La Banque du Dauphiné
  • La Banque d'Angleterre
  • La Banque de France (correct)
  • La Banque départementale d'émission
  • Quel conflit a eu lieu dans le secteur bancaire français dans les années 1830 ?

    <p>Conflit entre monopole de la Banque de France et banques locales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel a été l'effet de la révolution de 1848 sur les banques départementales d'émission ?

    <p>Elles ont été mises en difficulté</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle est la conséquence du rachat des banques départementales par la Banque de France ?

    <p>Établissement d'un monopole fiduciaire national</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelles banques restent actives en Écosse aujourd'hui ?

    <p>Trois banques commerciales d'émission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle étape a été atteinte dans l'évolution du monopole de la Banque de France en 1936 ?

    <p>Semi-nationalisation de la Banque de France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelles sont les deux sortes de monnaie émises par les banques commerciales aujourd'hui ?

    <p>Des billets fiduciaires et de la monnaie scripturale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle caractéristique distingue les banques centrales des banques ordinaires ?

    <p>La fonction de prêteur en dernier ressort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle loi a établi le monopole national de la Banque d'Angleterre sur l'émission de billets ?

    <p>La loi de Peel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comment les banques d'émission se sont-elles transformées en banques centrales au XXe siècle ?

    <p>En réduisant leur clientèle aux seules banques commerciales et États</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pourquoi les États ne créent-ils plus de banques d'émission ?

    <p>En raison des décolonisations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est le monopole de la Banque d'Angleterre après sa création ?

    <p>Monopole indirect sur l'émission de billets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelles banques sont désignées comme banques de second rang ?

    <p>Les banques commerciales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelles monnaies les banques centrales ont-elles abandonné comme standard ?

    <p>L'or et l'argent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution of Central Banks from Issuing Banks

    • Modern central banks inherit a long tradition of issuing banks, developing from different models:

      • Baltic model: state-controlled banks financing foreign trade using merchandise.
      • Continental model: discount banks financing commerce, operating independently from the state.
    • 20th century saw a shift: issuing banks gradually became central banks, limiting their clientele to commercial banks and the state, becoming premier-tier banks.

    • Commercial banks became second-tier banks.

    • Two types of currency are now issued:

      • Fiduciary notes, accessible to everyone.
      • Scriptural money, accessible only to second-tier banks and the state.
    • Central banks were directly established by states from the 20th century, for example during decolonization in the 1950s and 1960s.

    • This was related to the abandonment of gold and silver as currency.

    • Modern central banks differ from ordinary banks by four characteristics:

      • Monopoly over the issuance of fiduciary currency.
      • Non-profit status.
      • Lender of last resort function.
      • Supervisory and prudential control function.

    Monopoly over Fiduciary Currency Issuance

    Bank of England (BoE)

    • Initially (1694), the BoE had an indirect monopoly.

    • Established in 1709, it was the only joint-stock company allowed to issue banknotes.

    • In 1826, other banking companies were allowed to form; however, they couldn't issue notes payable in London.

    • The Bank of England's monopoly over banknotes was expanded to a 65-mile area surrounding London.

    • The Peel Act (1844) established a national monopoly for the BoE, but existing banks could continue, up to their own 1843 total.

    • Gradually, through the circulation increase and acquisition of private issuers, the BoE dominated British fiduciary issue.

    • The nationalization (1946) confirmed the BoE’s monopoly.

    • Today, three commercial issuing banks remain in Scotland and three in Ireland.

    Bank of France (BdF)

    • Founded in 1800, in a period of "free banking," with multiple issuing banks existing, many in Paris.

    • In 1803, Napoleon and Gaudin decided to grant private monopolies for local fiduciary issue. The Bank of France was the sole bank authorized to issue notes in Paris.

    • By 1819, departmental banks emerged in major provincial cities, challenging the Bank of France's dominance.

    • From 1836, the Bank of France established branches to limit the threat.

    • The 1848 revolution caused difficulties for the departmental banks, and the Bank of France, for financial support, bought the other banks.

    • A national monopoly was established, but based on absence of competition, and later confirmed by the law and perpetually due to the semi-nationalization in 1936, and then to full nationalization in 1945.

    • The subsequent annexation of the Dauphiné, with the Annecy bank, resulted in further conflict and the Bank of France's complete monopoly being inscribed in law.

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    Description

    Ce quiz explore l'évolution des banques centrales à partir des banques d'émission, en discutant des modèles Baltique et Continental. Il aborde la transition des banques d'émission vers des banques centrales au 20e siècle, ainsi que les types de monnaie émis aujourd'hui. Testez vos connaissances sur ces institutions financières cruciales !

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