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Evolution Chapter 3 Quiz
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Evolution Chapter 3 Quiz

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@WellBalancedKineticArt

Questions and Answers

What is adaptive radiation?

  • The development of hybrids between species.
  • Speciation occurring due to behavioral differences.
  • A slow evolutionary process involving minor changes.
  • Rapid evolution of related species from a common ancestor. (correct)

    • Allopatric speciation happens in populations located in the same geographical area.

    False

    Define macroevolution.

    Evolution leading to the creation of new species.

    _____ isolation occurs when species reproduce at different seasons.

    <p>Temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of isolation with their definitions:

    <p>Ecological Isolation = Species occupy different habitats Behavioral Isolation = Species differ in mating behavior Mechanical Isolation = Structural differences prevent mating Hybrid Inviability = Hybrid organisms do not survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes gradualism?

    <p>Slow evolution with gradual accumulation of changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Character displacement minimizes competition for resources.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of systematics?

    <p>The study of evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism proposed by Darwin for evolution?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium condition for population allele frequencies?

    <p>Allele frequencies remain constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, p + q = ____.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic drift has a greater effect on large populations compared to small populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following agents of evolutionary change with their descriptions:

    <p>Mutation = Change in allele frequencies due to random events Gene Flow = Movement of alleles between populations Assortative Mating = Mating of similar phenotypes Inbreeding = Mating between closely related individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Random mating ensures that each individual has a ____ chance of reproducing.

    <p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a group that includes the most recent common ancestor and all its descendants?

    <p>Monophyletic Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homoplasy refers to shared derived characters that are inherited from a common ancestor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ratio of males to females in a population?

    <p>Sex Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A population's geographic distribution is known as its _____ .

    <p>Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Population Dynamics = Change in a population over time Dispersion = How individuals are distributed in the environment Cohort = A group of individuals of the same age Generation Time = Average time from birth to having offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dispersal mechanism involves seeds being blown by the wind?

    <p>Windblown Fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A uniform spacing pattern in a population is usually the result of strong interactions among individuals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When populations exchange members, they are referred to as _____ populations.

    <p>Metapopulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by higher mortality rates later in life?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semelparity involves producing offspring multiple times throughout the lifespan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the maximum population supported by the environment?

    <p>Carrying Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Density-_______ effects are factors that affect reproduction and survival irrespective of population size.

    <p>Independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the reproductive strategies with their characteristics:

    <p>r-Selected = Short lifespan, early reproduction, many offspring K-Selected = Long lifespan, late reproduction, few offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of population are individuals more likely to die at any age?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parental investment is higher in r-Selected populations than in K-Selected populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'cost of reproduction'.

    <p>Reduction in future reproduction due to current reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ecosystems is characterized by low precipitation, permafrost, and few trees?

    <p>Tundra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Aphotic Zone receives enough sunlight for primary producers to thrive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the mixing of fresh water from rivers with ocean water in coastal areas?

    <p>Estuary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Zone refers to the area near the surface of a freshwater habitat where sunlight penetrates enough for photosynthesis.

    <p>Photic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aquatic ecosystems with their descriptions:

    <p>Open Oceans = Waters far from land, low in nutrients Coral Reefs = Tropical ecosystems with diverse marine life Continental Shelves = Shallow areas near coastlines Upwelling Regions = High productivity areas due to nutrient-rich water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an oligotrophic lake?

    <p>Low nutrient content and high oxygen concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chad's Prep indicates that the tundra ecosystem covers 50% of the land in northern Alaska and Canada.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thermal stratification in freshwater habitats?

    <p>The formation of distinct layers in a body of water based on temperature and density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution

    • Evolution is defined as changes in allele frequencies across generations.
    • Lamarck theorized that acquired traits are inherited; for instance, a giraffe stretching its neck would produce offspring with longer necks.
    • Darwin's theory of natural selection emphasizes "descent with modification" as the mechanism of evolution.

    Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

    • Under equilibrium conditions, allele frequencies in a gene pool remain constant.
    • Assumptions include: no mutations, no gene transfer, random mating, large population size, and no selection.
    • The equations:
      • p + q = 1 (p = frequency of dominant allele, q = frequency of recessive allele)
      • p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (p² = homozygous dominant, 2pq = heterozygous, q² = homozygous recessive)

    Five Agents of Evolutionary Change

    • Mutation
    • Gene Flow: introduction and movement of alleles between populations.
    • Nonrandom Mating: includes assortative, inbreeding, disassortative mating.
    • Genetic Drift: random fluctuations in allele frequencies, particularly impactful in small populations.
    • Biogeography reveals similar adaptations in different environments due to selective pressures.

    Speciation

    • A species is a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated.
    • Microevolution focuses on adaptations within species; macroevolution involves the emergence of new species.
    • Reproductive isolation mechanisms:
      • Prezygotic: ecological, behavioral, temporal, and mechanical isolation.
      • Postzygotic: hybrid inviability or infertility.

    Types of Speciation

    • Allopatric speciation occurs geographically; sympatric speciation happens within the same locale, often through polyploidy or disruptive selection.
    • Adaptive radiation results in rapid evolution into various forms from a common ancestor.
    • Key innovation introduces new traits that exploit different ecological niches.
    • Character displacement reduces competition for resources.

    Evolutionary Theories

    • Gradualism describes slow, steady changes over time.
    • Punctuated equilibrium involves long periods of stasis interrupted by rapid evolutionary bursts.

    Systematics and Phylogenies

    • Systematics studies evolutionary relationships; phylogeny represents these relationships in tree form.
    • Cladistics classifies organisms based on common ancestry.
    • Ancestral characters are inherited from a common ancestor; derived characters are unique to a specific group.
    • Shared derived characters are known as synapomorphies; shared ancestral characters are symplesiomorphies.

    Community Ecology

    • A community consists of species in a given area, influenced by local environmental conditions.
    • Tundra is characterized by low precipitation, permafrost, and minimal tree growth, supporting cold-weather species like reindeer and wolves.

    Freshwater Habitats

    • Habitats include lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams with specific zones: littoral, photic, and aphotic.
    • Thermal stratification creates distinct water layers with temperature variations affecting ecosystems.

    Marine Habitats

    • Open oceans are nutrient-poor with limited productivity, whereas continental shelves are rich food sources due to shallow waters.
    • Estuaries mix freshwater and saltwater, creating brackish environments with diverse ecosystems.
    • Coral reefs are biodiverse and essential for marine life.
    • Upwelling regions bring nutrient-rich deep water to the surface, enhancing productivity.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter3EvolutionandEcology-230623-155043.pdf

    Description

    Test your understanding of evolution concepts from Chapter 3. This quiz covers key theories, including Lamarck's inheritance of acquired traits and Darwin's natural selection. Explore the mechanisms of evolution and the Hardy-Weinberg principle through a series of thought-provoking questions.

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