Evolution Chapter 19 Flashcards

The human pelvis is shorter and more broad than chimps, and the human pelvis is more opened from the top view compared to chimps.

1. Humans have an elongated and angled-inward femur for balance, while chimps have a straight femur. 2. Chimps have a cone-shaped rib cage for a large gut, while humans have a barrel-shaped rib cage. 3. Chimps have longer arms for knuckle-walking, whereas humans have arms that can swing freely. 4. The human spine is more curved in the neck and lower back compared to chimps.

Chimpanzees have longer fingers with thicker knuckles to support knuckle-walking, while humans have more gracile knuckles.

<p>The foot in humans is arched for walking, and the big toe is aligned with the other four toes, while in chimps, the big toe is opposable for climbing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences among non-African human populations cannot predate the most recent migration out of Africa 60,000 years ago, and differences between African populations cannot date back beyond the origin of Homo sapiens in Africa 200,000-130,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successive toolmaking technologies arose in Africa and spread in consecutive waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests the gradual divergence of premodern Homo species, with anatomically modern Homo sapiens arising first in Africa between 200,000 and 130,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By examining mtDNA, it reveals that a mitochondrial Eve lived about 200,000 years ago in Africa, indicating a matrilineal common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It now includes the idea that after migrating out of Africa, Homo sapiens interbred with other Homo species like Neanderthals and Denisovans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They found that humans descended from Europeans and Asians shared more alleles with Neanderthals than those from African populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that populations in different regions had interbred, suggesting a shared ancestry among diverse groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successive nesting of clades shows that groups from different regions descend from a common origin in Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterozygosity decreases as populations move farther from Ethiopia, indicating reduced genetic diversity due to successive founder effects during migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Originated in Africa 200,000-130,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genetic variations used to assign race categories are atypical and do not reflect genome-wide differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipedal and only lived in Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erectus may have given rise to Homo floresiensis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in breccia by Dart; it was a child about 3 years old. Its discovery faced racial biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in Chad, north-central Africa; its skull was probably not slanted due to abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long arms and hands good for grasping branches, with bipedal characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In South Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in East Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Olduvai Gorge (East Africa).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in the 1960s by Leakeys, associated with Mode 1 tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Existed at the same time as Homo heidelbergensis; cranial capacities were similar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From 1.9 million years ago to 1.5 million years ago, ergaster leads to Homo erectus with Mode 2 tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Last Erectus existed around 50,000 years ago, known for cultural advancements like the first use of fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovered on Flores Island, Indonesia, with a cranial capacity the size of a chimpanzee and evidence of fire and tool use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ergaster gives rise to Heidelbergensis from 800,000 to 250,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olduvai used flakes struck from a core stone; Acheulean used core stone after flaking off unwanted parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levallois represents an advancement of the Acheulean technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of genetic material from two previously separated populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early species branching off from the lineage leading to humans after the human-chimpanzee split.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walking upright on 2 legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process in which the alleles at a given locus fail to coalesce between two successive separation events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An extinct group within the genus Homo known by only two teeth and a finger bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A member of the clade comprising humans and the extinct species more closely related to humans than chimpanzees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A member of the clade sometimes known as 'apes', which includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and gibbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual woman who is the coalescent point for the mitochondrial DNA of all living humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothesis stating that hominins left Africa and colonized the Old World a single time, as Homo erectus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A premodern Homo group closely related to Homo sapiens that lived in Europe and Central Asia until about 30,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This hypothesis posits that hominins left Africa and colonized the Old World in multiple waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonhuman hominin species that arose within the past 2 million years along the lineage leading to Homo sapiens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An algorithm and software package used to infer population structure from genetic sequence information at multiple loci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hominin species intermediate in time between the archaic hominins and the premodern hominins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set of DNA variations or polymorphisms that tend to be inherited together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species trees represent historical patterns of branching descent for a group of species while gene trees represent genealogical relationships for a single locus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mode 1 tools characterized by a simple technique of striking a core stone to obtain chipped flakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A characteristic of Paranthropus referring to having very large teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mode 2 tools known as bifaces formed by chipping away at a core stone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mode 3 tool-making process involving elaborate flaked tools attached to handles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acquisition of fire technology in early Homo ergaster allowed for a diet of high-energy foods, leading to brain growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phenomenon where species isolated on an island decrease in size due to reduced food availability and predation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advanced cultural and behavioral traits including tool production, shelter creation, and art.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tools made from ivory and bone, seen in the Upper Paleolithic era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Known from only a finger bone and teeth found in Tibet, their genome has been sequenced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in a single base pair in a DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each migration of a small subpopulation from Africa resulted in reduced genetic diversity in newly colonized areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not necessarily; mitochondrial Eve represents the latest common ancestor in the mitochondrial lineage, not the only reproductive female.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial Eve is specific to the current human population, and past diversity suggests a different individual could be defined as Eve in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep coalescence may mean both species share an ancient common ancestor, explaining shared alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shift to an agricultural diet high in starches and sugars increased cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection continues to operate, and mutations and genetic drift also drive evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three individuals shown display genetic similarities between Tibetans and Denisovans, indicating past interbreeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A taxonomic group including Homo and other hominins, as well as Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A family that includes Homo and other hominins, Pan, and Gorilla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A subfamily that includes Homo and other hominins, such as Pan and Gorilla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tribe that includes Homo and other hominins as well as Pan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A subtribe that includes Homo and other related hominins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleles may fail to coalesce, leading to shared genes between species due to ancient common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymorphic loci from divergence create non-reflective trees of the actual species relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ardipithecus kadabba, Ardipithecus ramidus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Australopithecus species like anamensis, afarensis, and others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paranthropus species such as aethiopicus, bosei, and robustus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthalensis, Denisovans, and others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homo sapiens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walking upright is less strenuous than knuckle-walking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standing upright exposes less surface area to overhead rays while increasing exposure to cooling winds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipedalism allows hands to carry items and gather food, enhancing early human survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans have a shorter palate, a more rounded shape, a symmetrical crease, and a forward-placed hole in the arcade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans have a centrally located foramen magnum, while chimps have theirs towards the back.</p> Signup and view all the answers