Evolution Chapter 15 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concept that explains how organisms best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce?

  • Natural selection (correct)
  • Mutation
  • Artificial selection
  • Genetic drift

Which of the following best describes microevolution?

  • Mass extinctions due to environmental changes
  • The influence of geological events on species development
  • Evolution that occurs between species over long time periods
  • Accumulative genetic changes within a species (correct)

Which factor contributes to microevolution by introducing genetic variability into a population?

  • Artificial selection
  • Migration (correct)
  • Geographic isolation
  • Natural selection

What role does polyploidy play in evolution?

<p>It creates opportunities for new species formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of isolation that contributes to macroevolution?

<p>Natural isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has human activity influenced the evolution of agricultural species?

<p>Via artificial selection or breeding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant publication by Charles Darwin outlined the theory of natural selection?

<p>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent an impact of evolutionary biology?

<p>Artificial intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept serves as the proposed mechanism for how evolution works?

<p>Natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which historical period did the intersection of Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian genetics occur?

<p>Second revolution - 1930s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homeobox genes primarily known for?

<p>Regulating embryonic development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains similarities among different organisms that are not due to common ancestry?

<p>Convergent evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the idea of homology in evolutionary biology?

<p>Shared traits due to common ancestry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Charles Lyell's geology work have on Darwin's theory?

<p>It suggested that Earth was much older. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation example illustrates convergent evolution?

<p>Cacti and Euphorbia plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual presented a joint paper on natural selection with Charles Darwin?

<p>Alfred Wallace (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fossil record suggest about the simplicity of organisms?

<p>Simplest organisms are found in the oldest geological strata. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of natural selection refers to limited resources leading to competition?

<p>Struggle for existence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant criticism of natural selection during Darwin's time?

<p>It failed to explain how hereditary variations originated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a deletion mutation?

<p>Part of a chromosome breaks off. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does natural selection contribute to evolution?

<p>By favoring the most adaptable individuals in a population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mutations primarily affect organisms?

<p>Most mutations are harmful and can hinder survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept reflects the accumulation of advantageous traits over generations?

<p>Inheritance and accumulation of favorable variations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In microevolution, what role does artificial selection play?

<p>It enables the retention of desired traits in domestic animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon refers to the movement of individuals or gametes between populations?

<p>Migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes genetic drift?

<p>Random changes in the genetic make-up due to random events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of punctuated equilibrium propose about the rates of evolution?

<p>Significant changes happen suddenly followed by long periods of stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of geographic isolation on two populations?

<p>It prevents gene flow and leads to genetic divergence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ecological isolation is true?

<p>Ecological factors can lead to reproductive isolation even with overlapping territories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates genetic isolation due to habitat differences?

<p>Eastern and western redbuds that can't survive in each other's habitats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of changes does genetic drift specifically refer to?

<p>Random changes in gene frequency due to chance events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species do not interbreed due to ecological isolation despite being closely related?

<p>Dutchman's breeches and squirrel corn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the gene exchange between crop plants and their wild relatives?

<p>Herbicide resistant weeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle's scale of nature imply about organisms?

<p>Organisms are static and do not evolve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism did Lamarck use as an example for his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

<p>Giraffe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does epigenetics differ from the theory proposed by Lamarck?

<p>Epigenetics does not involve changes in DNA sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant work did Charles Darwin publish in 1859?

<p>On the Origin of Species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do methyl groups play in epigenetic modifications?

<p>They block gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the early view of hereditary changes by biologists by the end of the 18th century?

<p>Hereditary changes result from acquired characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential characteristic of epigenetic changes during development?

<p>They can be inherited across generations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical isolation in the context of pollination?

<p>Specific fit requirements of pollinia in the stigmas of orchids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines polyploidy?

<p>The occurrence of double the normal chromosome number due to meiosis failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hybrids contribute to evolution in plants?

<p>Hybrids may have beneficial gene combinations for new environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is introgression?

<p>The transferring of genes between hybrids and their parental species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy?

<p>Allopolyploidy involves hybridization between species, while autopolyploidy involves duplication within a single species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is apomixis?

<p>Asexual production of seeds without fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might hybrids often be sterile?

<p>Their chromosomes do not align properly during meiosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes autopolyploids?

<p>They result from duplication within a single species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Selection

Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Organic Evolution

Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time.

Artificial Selection

Humans choosing which organisms reproduce to develop desired traits.

Charles Darwin

Proposed the theory of natural selection in 1859.

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Evolutionary Biology

The study of how living things change over generations.

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Adaptation

A trait that improves an organism's ability to survive.

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Genetic Makeup

The complete set of genes within an organism.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area.

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Transgenes

Foreign genes introduced into plants using genetic engineering.

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Herbicide-resistant weeds

Weeds that have developed resistance to herbicides due to gene exchange with crop plants.

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Scale of nature

Aristotle's arrangement of organisms from simplest to most complex, implying no evolution.

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Fossil

Part of a previously existing organism, now extinct.

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Inheritance of acquired characteristics

The outdated idea that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to offspring.

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Epigenetics

Heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

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Methylation

Blocking gene expression using methyl groups on DNA.

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On the Origin of Species

Darwin's book proposing the theory of evolution by natural selection, a major shift in societal thinking.

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What is a key difference between homology and convergent evolution?

Homology refers to shared characteristics due to common ancestry, while convergent evolution describes similar traits that developed independently in different species due to similar environmental pressures.

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What did Charles Darwin observe during his voyage on the HMS Beagle?

Darwin observed a wide diversity of plants and animals, particularly in the Galapagos Islands, which laid the groundwork for his theory of evolution.

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What is the main idea behind Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those beneficial traits to their offspring.

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How did Malthus's ideas influence Darwin?

Malthus theorized that populations grow exponentially while resources remain limited, leading to competition for survival. Darwin applied this to the struggle for existence in nature.

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Who is Alfred Wallace?

Wallace independently developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's, prompting Darwin to publish his own work.

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Why is the intersection of Darwinian natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics important?

This intersection in the 1930s provided a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of evolution, explaining how genetic variation is passed down through generations and how natural selection operates on those variations.

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What is Evo-devo?

Evo-devo is the study of how evolutionary changes in developmental processes can lead to significant changes in organismal form.

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What are homeobox genes?

These are regulatory genes that act like developmental switches, controlling the timing and location of gene expression during development, ultimately shaping the organism's form.

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Universal Genes

Certain fundamental metabolism genes are found in all living organisms, suggesting a single origin of life.

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Fossil Record

Simplest life forms are found in the oldest geological layers, supporting the idea of evolution from simpler to more complex organisms.

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Geographical Distribution

Certain groups of organisms are restricted to specific continents or islands, suggesting evolution in isolation.

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Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence, which can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.

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Deletion

A type of mutation where part of a chromosome breaks off.

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Translocation

A mutation where a piece of a chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome.

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Mechanical Isolation

A type of reproductive isolation where species cannot interbreed due to physical differences in their reproductive structures, like the shape of the stigma and pollinia in orchids.

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Polyploidy

A condition where an organism has double the normal number of chromosomes, resulting from a failure in meiosis to halve the chromosome number.

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Hybrid

An offspring resulting from the breeding of two parents with different characteristics, often seen in plants but less frequent in animals.

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Introgression

The transfer of genetic material from one species to another through repeated hybridization and backcrossing.

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Allopolyploid

A polyploid organism formed from the hybridization of two different species.

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Autopolyploid

A polyploid organism resulting from the duplication of chromosomes within a single species.

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Apomixis

A form of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds develop without fertilization, bypassing the need for pollination.

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Sterile Hybrids

Hybrid offspring that are unable to reproduce due to chromosomal incompatibility.

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Migration

Gene flow between populations due to movement of individuals or their gametes, like pollen from one plant to another. It depends on population size and isolation: small, isolated populations experience less gene flow.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in gene frequencies within a population due to chance events, like a natural disaster wiping out a specific group. It affects small populations more significantly.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

A theory suggesting evolution occurs in bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stability, unlike the gradual evolution Darwin proposed. It is supported by gaps in the fossil record.

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Geographic Isolation

Two populations separated by physical barriers, like mountains or oceans, preventing gene flow. This leads to independent evolution and potentially new species formation.

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Ecological Isolation

Two closely related species live in the same area but have different ecological needs, like habitat or food sources, leading to minimal gene flow. They may evolve in different directions despite living close together.

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Sympatric Species

Species that live in the same geographic area but are reproductively isolated, meaning they don't exchange genes. This can be due to factors like different mating times, preferences, or physical incompatibilities.

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How does geographic isolation lead to new species?

When populations are separated, they experience different environmental pressures. Genetic variations arise and spread independently in each population. Over time, these differences can accumulate so much that the groups become reproductively incompatible, resulting in new species.

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What is the difference between geographic and ecological isolation?

Geographic isolation is separation by physical barriers, preventing gene flow. Ecological isolation occurs when species share the same area but have different environmental needs, reducing interbreeding. Both can lead to divergence and potentially new species formation, but by different mechanisms.

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Study Notes

Chapter 15: Evolution

  • Learning changes everything.
  • Introduction to Evolution
    • Evolution in agriculture
    • Evolutionary medicine
    • Species extinctions and invasions
    • Brief overview of early development of evolutionary concepts
      • First revolution
      • Second revolution
      • Third revolution
    • Charles Darwin
    • Evidence for evolution
  • Microevolution
    • Evolution within species
    • Natural selection
    • Mutations
    • Migration
    • Genetic drift
    • Rates of evolution
      • Macroevolution - How species evolve
        • Geographic isolation
        • Ecological isolation
        • Mechanical isolation
    • Role of polyploidy in evolution
    • Discussion
  • Introduction to Evolution
    • Natural Selection
      • Organisms with favorable adaptations will survive and reproduce
      • Theory proposed by Darwin in 1859
        • On the Origin of Species
        • The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
      • Organic evolution
        • Accumulation of genetic changes over time in living organisms
      • Impact of evolutionary biology
        • Affects medicine, agriculture, forensics, biotechnology, economics, and law
  • Evolution in Agriculture
    • Artificial selection is used to change plants and animals
    • Humans could still have been hunter-gatherers if they had not used artificial selection
    • Wild tomatoes have small fruit
    • Domesticated plants have larger fruit
  • Evolutionary Research
    • Agriculture influences native species' evolution
    • Example: insect populations evolving resistance to insecticides
    • Agricultural entomologists study preventing pesticide resistance
  • Evolutionary Medicine
    • Applies evolutionary principles to treat illness
    • Example of bacteria evolving resistance to antibiotics if antibiotics are not used properly
    • Similar to insecticide resistance
    • Natural compound discoveries can be useful in medicine
    • Useful plants from selection pressure
  • Species Extinctions and Invasions
    • Species loss negatively impacts ecosystem health
    • Conservation biology uses evolutionary principles to understand species response to environment changes
  • Species Invasions
    • Introduced species can displace native species
    • Hawaii has a high number of invasive species
    • Kudzu is an invasive species that chokes out native vegetation in the United States (introduced from Japan)
  • Biotechnology and Evolution
    • Evolutionary biologists evaluate transgenes in genetically engineered crops
    • Transgenes: foreign genes used to genetically engineer crops
    • Gene allows some crops to survive herbicides, which kill weeds
    • Potential for gene exchange between crop plants and wild relatives
      • Could result in herbicide-resistant weeds
  • Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts
    • Aristotle (384-322 BC)
      • Arranged organisms from simplest to most complex, called the scale of nature.
      • Implied organisms were static and did not evolve.
    • Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
      • Observed fossils as part of previously existing organisms that had gone extinct.
  • View of Hereditary Changes
    • Late 18th century
      • Prominent biologists believed hereditary changes resulted from inheritance of acquired characteristics.
    • Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
      • Characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on and become cumulative
      • Thought giraffes stretching necks passed on that change to offspring.
  • Epigenesis
    • Study of heritable changes in gene expression (not caused by mutations)
    • Accomplished via blocking gene expression or addition of methyl groups to DNA.
    • Reversible based on when gene products are needed
    • Occurs during development, typically reset during sexual reproduction
    • Can be carried across generations
    • Short-term adaptations for environmental changes
    • Alternative to changes that result from mutation.
  • Revolutions in Thought
    • First revolution
      • Charles Darwin (1859)
        • On the Origin of Species
        • Supported idea of evolutionary change
        • Natural selection as the mechanism.
    • Second revolution (1930s): Darwinian natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics intersected to better understand evolution mechanisms.
    • Third revolution (now): "Evo-devo" (Evolution of Development)
      • Homeobox genes: regulatory genes serving as developmental switches
  • Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
    • Accepted job as naturalist on HMS Beagle voyage
    • Read Lyell's geology book (Earth older than previously believed)
    • Collected plants and animals, particularly in the Galapagos Islands
    • Guided by Malthus's ideas (populations grow geometrically until factors limit them).
    • Presented joint paper with Alfred Wallace on natural selection
  • Charles Darwin at Different Ages (Images)
  • Evidence for Evolution
    • Homology
      • Shared characteristics due to shared ancestry
    • Convergent evolution
      • Similarities not due to common ancestry
      • Example: cactus and euphorbia (adaptation to arid habitats).
    • Other evidence
      • Structure & relationships of proteins, DNA, other molecules; common use of ATP
      • Example: universal fundamental metabolism genes
      • Fossil record
      • Geographical distribution
  • Microevolution
    • Darwin's Observations
      • Artificial selection (desirable traits in domestic animals)
      • Limited resources preventing reproduction
      • Individual variation within populations (competitive abilities)
      • Anatomy & embryology
      • Individuals best suited for available resources increase over time
      • Natural selection: Descent with Modification
  • Four Principles of Natural Selection
    • Overproduction of offspring
    • Struggle for existence (competition for resources)
    • Inheritance and accumulation of favorable variations
    • Survival and reproduction of the fittest
    • Criticism: did not explain origin of hereditary variations
  • Mutations
    • Changes to genes or chromosomes
    • Deletion
    • Translocation
    • Inversion
    • Most harmful, some are silent or beneficial (help survival)
  • Migration
    • Gene flow between populations (individuals/gametes)
    • Depends on population size and isolation
  • Genetic Drift
    • Changes in population's genetic makeup due to random events
  • Rates of Evolution
    • Darwin: slow, gradual evolution
    • Punctuated equilibrium: periods of rapid change followed by little change
    • Fossil record supports the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis
  • Macroevolution
    • Geographic isolation: prevents gene flow between populations
    • Random mutations spread only within isolated populations
    • Genetic changes become too large for gene flow to occur
    • Example: Eastern and Western redbuds in the US can't survive in each other's habitats
  • Ecological Isolation
    • Climate or soil affect isolation, as do mechanical factors
    • Sympatric species occupy overlapping ranges but don't exchange genes
    • Example: Dutchman's breeches and squirrel corn
  • Mechanical Isolation
    • Reproduction requires correct fit of parts for successful pollination
  • The Role of Polyploidy in Evolution
    • Polyploidy: double the normal chromosome number due to meiosis failure
  • Hybridization in Evolution
    • Hybrids: offspring with differing characteristics
      • Common in plants, uncommon in animals
      • Gene combinations potentially better suited for new environments
      • Two related species hybridize
      • Introgression: intercrossing between hybrids and parents
    • Hybrid Sterility
      • Chromosomes often do not pair properly during meiosis
      • Polyploidy (increased chromosome set) can overcome sterility
  • Alloploidy and Autoploidy
    • Many domesticated crops are polyploid
    • Allopolyploidy: polyploid from interspecific crosses
    • Autoploidy: polyploid from a single species -Fireweed example.
  • Apomixis
    • Sterile hybrids can reproduce asexually
    • Apomixis: seed production without fertilization
  • Discussion
    • Opinions vary on origin of life
    • Darwin not an atheist, but believed in Creator using natural laws.
    • Historical record incomplete, opposing arguments can be supported
    • Scientists rely on probabilities.

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