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Questions and Answers
Transgenes are foreign genes that are introduced into animals through genetic engineering.
Transgenes are foreign genes that are introduced into animals through genetic engineering.
False
Aristotle believed that organisms are static and do not evolve.
Aristotle believed that organisms are static and do not evolve.
True
Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed that characteristics acquired during life could be inherited by offspring.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed that characteristics acquired during life could be inherited by offspring.
True
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are strictly due to mutations.
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are strictly due to mutations.
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Charles Darwin's work, 'On the Origin of Species', marked the first revolution in thinking about evolution.
Charles Darwin's work, 'On the Origin of Species', marked the first revolution in thinking about evolution.
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Artificial selection is evolution directed by animals.
Artificial selection is evolution directed by animals.
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Insect populations can evolve resistance to insecticides due to agricultural practices.
Insect populations can evolve resistance to insecticides due to agricultural practices.
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Conservation biology uses evolutionary principles to understand species expansion and contraction.
Conservation biology uses evolutionary principles to understand species expansion and contraction.
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Kudzu is a native species of the United States.
Kudzu is a native species of the United States.
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Evolutionary medicine focuses only on the evolution of plants and not on bacteria.
Evolutionary medicine focuses only on the evolution of plants and not on bacteria.
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What is the primary mechanism of microevolution that allows organisms with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce?
What is the primary mechanism of microevolution that allows organisms with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of isolation that contributes to macroevolution?
Which of the following is NOT a type of isolation that contributes to macroevolution?
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How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
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What is a significant impact of understanding evolutionary biology in fields outside of biology?
What is a significant impact of understanding evolutionary biology in fields outside of biology?
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Which theory was proposed by Charles Darwin in his 1859 publication that revolutionized the understanding of evolution?
Which theory was proposed by Charles Darwin in his 1859 publication that revolutionized the understanding of evolution?
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What mechanism is proposed to explain how evolution occurs?
What mechanism is proposed to explain how evolution occurs?
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Which concept describes characteristics that organisms share due to common ancestry?
Which concept describes characteristics that organisms share due to common ancestry?
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During what period did the intersection of Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian genetics lead to better understanding of evolution?
During what period did the intersection of Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian genetics lead to better understanding of evolution?
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Which statement about homeobox genes is accurate?
Which statement about homeobox genes is accurate?
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What evolutionary concept is exemplified by cacti and Euphorbia adapting to arid conditions despite different ancestries?
What evolutionary concept is exemplified by cacti and Euphorbia adapting to arid conditions despite different ancestries?
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What is the primary purpose of artificial selection in agriculture?
What is the primary purpose of artificial selection in agriculture?
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How can evolution of insect populations be negatively impacted by agricultural practices?
How can evolution of insect populations be negatively impacted by agricultural practices?
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What role does evolutionary medicine play in healthcare?
What role does evolutionary medicine play in healthcare?
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What impact do invasive species have on ecosystems?
What impact do invasive species have on ecosystems?
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What is one possible consequence of improperly used antibiotics on bacteria?
What is one possible consequence of improperly used antibiotics on bacteria?
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Study Notes
Chapter 15: Evolution
- The book is Stern's Introductory Plant Biology, Fifteenth Edition, by James E. Bidlack and Shelly H. Jansky
- Evolution is a central theme in biology, impacting various fields like medicine, agriculture, and law.
- Evolution is about how species change over time.
Outline of Chapter Topics
- Introduction to Evolution
- Evolution in agriculture (humans using artificial selection/breeding to change plants and animals)
- Evolutionary medicine (applying evolutionary principles to treating illnesses, and how bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics)
- Species extinctions and invasions (impact on ecosystems, conservation biology)
- Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts
- Aristotle (384-322 BC) arranged organisms on a "scale of nature", implying organisms are static and don't evolve
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) observed fossils, suggesting organisms change over time
- View of Hereditary Changes
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics (traits acquired during an organism's lifetime are passed on to offspring)
- Epigenesis
- Epigenetics studies heritable changes in gene expression not caused by mutations. It can involve blocking gene expression, often via methyl groups. Changes are sometimes reversible.
- Revolutions in Evolutionary Thought
- First revolution (Charles Darwin, 1859): Darwin's work supported the idea of evolution but proposed natural selection as the mechanism
- Second revolution (1930s): Darwin's ideas integrated with Mendelian genetics and population genetics led to a better understanding of evolution mechanisms
- Third revolution (now): "Evo-devo" - the evolution of development; homeobox genes (regulatory genes) affect development
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): His role in the development of evolutionary theory, his voyage on the HMS Beagle
- Evidence for Evolution
- Homology (shared characteristics due to ancestry)
- Convergent evolution (similar characteristics not due to common ancestry)
- Example: cactus and euphorbia, arid adaptation
- Other evidence: protein and DNA structures, use of ATP, fossil record, geographical distribution of organisms
- Microevolution - Evolution Within Species
- Darwin's observations about artificial selection, limitations from resource availability, and competitive abilities influencing reproduction. Comparative anatomy and embryology support evolution.
- Natural Selection
- Descent with modification explains how organisms change over time based on environmental pressure.
- Four Principles of Natural Selection
- Overproduction of offspring
- Struggle for existence / competition
- Inheritance and accumulation of favorable variations
- Survival and reproduction of fittest
- Mutations: Changes in genes or chromosomes (deletion, translocation, inversion)
- Migration: Gene flow between populations as individuals or gametes migrate.
- Genetic drift: Changes in genetic make-up due to random events.
- Rates of Evolution
- Darwin believed gradual change; some contemporary biologists support punctuated equilibrium - rapid change followed by periods of stability.
- fossil evidence shows this possible pattern in evolutionary change patterns
- Macroevolution - How Species Evolve
- Geographic isolation - Separated populations can't exchange genes.
- Ecological isolation - Two species occupy different habitats.
- Mechanical isolation: Species may not be compatible due to anatomical differences
- The Role of Polyploidy in Evolution
- Polyploidy: occurrence of double chromosome number, usually from meiosis failure and participation in fertilization.
- Hybridization in Evolution
- Hybridization in plants, interspecies crosses (allopolyploidy), introgression. Hybrids may be sterile if they cannot properly pair up their chromosomes during meiosis
- Polyploidy can overcome sterility in some hybrids
- Allopolyploidy and Autoploidy
- Apomixis
- Sterile hybrids, asexual reproduction (seeds without fertilization) -Dandelions use this method.
- Discussion
- Opinions about origin of life
- Scientific method and probabilities
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Description
Dive into Chapter 15 of Stern's Introductory Plant Biology to explore the fascinating concept of evolution. Discover how species change over time and the implications of evolutionary principles in agriculture, medicine, and conservation. This chapter also highlights the historical development of evolutionary thought, featuring influential figures in the field.
