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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which populations adapt to their environment?
What is the primary mechanism by which populations adapt to their environment?
- Natural selection (correct)
- Genetic drift
- Melanism
- Mutation
Which of the following does not affect the fitness of an allele?
Which of the following does not affect the fitness of an allele?
- Species (correct)
- Population size
- Genotype
- Environment
What is the term for the average effect of an allele on the fitness of individuals that carry it?
What is the term for the average effect of an allele on the fitness of individuals that carry it?
- Genetic drift
- Average fitness
- Heritability
- Average excess of fitness (correct)
What is the symbol for the change in allele frequency between one generation and the next?
What is the symbol for the change in allele frequency between one generation and the next?
What is the term for the proportion of individuals in a population that carry a particular allele?
What is the term for the proportion of individuals in a population that carry a particular allele?
What is the Inebriometer used to measure?
What is the Inebriometer used to measure?
What is the concept that describes the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors?
What is the concept that describes the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors?
What is the result of the iterative, cumulative process of natural selection on a population?
What is the result of the iterative, cumulative process of natural selection on a population?
What is the symbol for the average fitness of a population?
What is the symbol for the average fitness of a population?
What is the term for the colour change in leopards caused by a recessive allele at the ASIP locus?
What is the term for the colour change in leopards caused by a recessive allele at the ASIP locus?
What is the main difference between genetic drift and natural selection?
What is the main difference between genetic drift and natural selection?
What is the units of measurement for fitness?
What is the units of measurement for fitness?
What is the effect of natural selection on the fitness of populations over time?
What is the effect of natural selection on the fitness of populations over time?
What is the relationship between the environment and the fitness of an allele?
What is the relationship between the environment and the fitness of an allele?
What is the meaning of w = 0 in the context of fitness?
What is the meaning of w = 0 in the context of fitness?
What is the term for the effect of an allele on the fitness of individuals that carry it?
What is the term for the effect of an allele on the fitness of individuals that carry it?
What is the symbol for the allele frequency?
What is the symbol for the allele frequency?
What is the cause of the colour change in leopards?
What is the cause of the colour change in leopards?
What is the iterative, cumulative process that leads to adaptation?
What is the iterative, cumulative process that leads to adaptation?
What is the concept that describes the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors?
What is the concept that describes the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors?
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Study Notes
Evolution
- Genetic drift and mutation contribute to evolution, but natural selection is the only scientific explanation for adaptation
- Natural selection chooses between alleles in a population, not between species
- Fitness of an allele depends on the environment
Alleles and Fitness
- Melanism in leopards is caused by a recessive allele at the ASIP locus
- Fitness of a genotype is measured by its reproductive success relative to others in the population
- w = 1 means average fitness, and w = 0 means all individuals with that genotype die
- p is the allele frequency, and Δp is the change in allele frequency between generations
- aA is the average excess of fitness, which is the effect of an allele on the individuals that carry it
Heritability
- Heritability applies to a trait in a particular population in a particular environment
Experimental Evolution
- The Inebriometer is a contraption used to measure how quickly flies get drunk, and can be used to select for high alcohol tolerance
- Experiments like these can help pinpoint the genes responsible for differences in alcohol tolerance
Natural Selection in Wild Populations
- Natural selection was observed in wild Brassica, where ancestral genotypes were recovered and raised under common environments with descendant genotypes and ancestor x descendant hybrids
- This experiment showed that natural selection can act on standing genetic variation to produce adaptation to drought
Natural Selection in Croatian Lizards
- In 1971, 10 P.sicula lizards were moved from Pod Kopiste to Pod Mrčaru, and their descendants are still there today
- The new population of Pod Mrčaru differed from the ancestral form in many ways, including being less territorial, having adapted to a more plant-based diet, and having slower movement and better ability to chew tough vegetation
Evolution
- Genetic drift and mutation contribute to evolution, but natural selection is the only scientific explanation for adaptation
- Natural selection chooses between alleles in a population, not between species
- Fitness of an allele depends on the environment
Alleles and Fitness
- Melanism in leopards is caused by a recessive allele at the ASIP locus
- Fitness of a genotype is measured by its reproductive success relative to others in the population
- w = 1 means average fitness, and w = 0 means all individuals with that genotype die
- p is the allele frequency, and Δp is the change in allele frequency between generations
- aA is the average excess of fitness, which is the effect of an allele on the individuals that carry it
Heritability
- Heritability applies to a trait in a particular population in a particular environment
Experimental Evolution
- The Inebriometer is a contraption used to measure how quickly flies get drunk, and can be used to select for high alcohol tolerance
- Experiments like these can help pinpoint the genes responsible for differences in alcohol tolerance
Natural Selection in Wild Populations
- Natural selection was observed in wild Brassica, where ancestral genotypes were recovered and raised under common environments with descendant genotypes and ancestor x descendant hybrids
- This experiment showed that natural selection can act on standing genetic variation to produce adaptation to drought
Natural Selection in Croatian Lizards
- In 1971, 10 P.sicula lizards were moved from Pod Kopiste to Pod Mrčaru, and their descendants are still there today
- The new population of Pod Mrčaru differed from the ancestral form in many ways, including being less territorial, having adapted to a more plant-based diet, and having slower movement and better ability to chew tough vegetation
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