Evolution and Taxonomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of mountains on weather patterns in relation to the rainshadow effect?

  • Mountains block moist air, creating wet windward and dry leeward sides. (correct)
  • Mountains cause both sides to receive equal rainfall.
  • Mountains are irrelevant to local climate patterns.
  • Mountains attract moisture from the ocean.

Which of the following ecosystems is characterized by cold, treeless regions with permafrost?

  • Tundra (correct)
  • Taiga
  • Savannas
  • Temperate Deciduous Forests

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis primarily occur?

  • In the nucleus
  • In the mitochondria
  • In the cytoplasm
  • In the thylakoid membranes (correct)

What do plants produce as a direct result of light-dependent reactions during photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen, NADPH, and ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?

<p>Glycolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main energy currency produced during cellular respiration?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplasts does the Calvin Cycle take place?

<p>Stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines savannas as an ecosystem?

<p>Warm temperatures with seasonal rainfall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of evolution explains how more offspring are produced than can survive?

<p>Overproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence provides connections between ancient species and their modern descendants?

<p>Fossil evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for proposing the theory of natural selection based on his observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands?

<p>Charles Darwin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structures indicate common ancestry among different species, such as the arm of a human and the wing of a bat?

<p>Homologous structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'descent with modification' refer to in the process of evolution?

<p>The gradual change of populations over generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

<p>Humans breeding dogs for specific traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for structures that are reduced or no longer in use, providing evidence of evolutionary history?

<p>Vestigial structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biochemical comparisons contribute to understanding evolution?

<p>By comparing DNA and protein sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?

<p>To understand evolutionary relationships among organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT considered an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

<p>Plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the tilt of the Earth's axis have on ecosystems?

<p>It creates distinct seasons affecting biodiversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which latitude zone is characterized by warm, wet climates and high biodiversity?

<p>Tropical zones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does altitude generally affect ecosystems?

<p>Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures and lower oxygen levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?

<p>To transform solar energy into chemical energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the influence of ocean currents on climates?

<p>They distribute heat and moisture, influencing coastal climates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by nutrient cycling in ecosystems?

<p>The recycling of carbon, nitrogen, and water among biotic and abiotic components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main outputs of glycolysis?

<p>2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 4 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and requires Acetyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Electron Transport Chain?

<p>Transfers electrons, generating ATP via oxidative phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration differ in their purpose?

<p>Photosynthesis produces glucose; respiration breaks down glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is represented when bees pollinate flowers while obtaining nectar?

<p>Mutualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of biotic relationship does one species benefit while the other is unaffected?

<p>Commensalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the inputs required for cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose and Oâ‚‚ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intraspecific interactions?

<p>Interactions between members of the same species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of parasitism?

<p>Ticks feeding on the blood of mammals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of competition occurs between different species?

<p>Interspecific Competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship is characterized by one species benefiting and the other being harmed?

<p>Predation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do keystone species have on their ecosystem?

<p>They have a disproportionately large impact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of intraspecific competition?

<p>Both species are harmed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do herbivores potentially influence plant evolution?

<p>By prompting the evolution of plant defenses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitation in ecological terms?

<p>An indirect positive effect of one species on another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant role of biotic relationships within ecosystems?

<p>They help in regulating population sizes and resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evolution

The change in species over time due to genetic variation and natural selection.

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Fossil Evidence

Fossils show how species have changed over time and reveal transitional forms.

Homologous Structures

Similar structures in different species that point to a common ancestor.

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Vestigial Structures

Reduced or unused structures that show evolutionary history.

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Artificial Selection

Human-driven selection of traits in breeding, mimicking natural selection.

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Overproduction of offspring

More offspring are born than can survive to adulthood.

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Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Taxonomy definition

The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.

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Ecosystem definition

A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.

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Ecosystem components

Biotic (living) factors (plants, animals, microbes) and abiotic (non-living) factors (climate, soil, water, sunlight).

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Earth's rotation effect

Drives day and night cycles, impacting temperature and photosynthesis, along with global wind patterns influencing weather.

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Earth's axis tilt effect

Causes seasons due to a 23.5° tilt; responsible for the variation of sunlight with the different latitudes.

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Latitude's effect on climate

Determines climate zones (tropics, temperate, polar).

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Ocean proximity effect

Oceans moderate coastal climates via temperature stability, but inland areas experience greater temperature variations

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Importance of taxonomy

Organizes biological diversity, aids in understanding evolutionary relationships, and helps in the study of ecosystems.

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Rainshadow effect

Mountains block moist air, causing one side (windward) to receive rain and the other (leeward) to be dry.

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Tropical Rainforest

Hot, wet biome with high biodiversity, like the Amazon.

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Savanna

Warm biome with seasonal rainfall, dominated by grasses.

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Photosynthesis

Process where plants convert light energy into glucose.

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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Cellular Respiration

Process of breaking down glucose to produce energy.

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Mitochondria

Cell part where much of cellular respiration takes place.

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Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose.

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Cellular Respiration Input

Glucose and oxygen (O2) are the starting ingredients for cellular respiration.

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Cellular Respiration Output

The products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP (energy).

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Photosynthesis Reactants

Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and sunlight are required for photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis Products

The outcomes of photosynthesis are glucose (sugar) and oxygen (O2).

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Mutualism Biotic Relation

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

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Commensalism Biotic Relation

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

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Krebs Cycle's Location

The Krebs Cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Electron Transport Chain Location

The Electron Transport Chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Parasitism

One species benefits while the other is harmed. Think of ticks feeding on a dog.

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Competition

Two species fight for the same limited resources. Think of deer competing for mates or lions and hyenas fighting over prey.

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Predation

One organism (predator) hunts and kills another (prey) for food. Like lions hunting zebras.

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Herbivory

An animal eats plants. Think of caterpillars munching on leaves.

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Amensalism

One species is harmed while the other is unaffected. Think of a tall tree shading smaller plants, reducing their growth.

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Keystone Species

A species with a large impact on its ecosystem. Like sea otters controlling sea urchin populations.

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Symbiosis

Close, long-term relationships between species. Includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

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Facilitation

One species indirectly helps another. Think of pioneer plants improving soil for later species.

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Study Notes

Evolution and Taxonomy

  • Evolution: The process of species changing over time through genetic variation and natural selection.
  • Evolution explains: The diversity of life on Earth.
  • Natural Selection (Darwin): The mechanism of evolution where species change through genetic variation.
  • Alfred Russel Wallace: Independently developed the idea of natural selection.
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: Proposed inheritance of acquired traits, though later disproven.
  • Charles Lyell: Proposed uniformitarianism—the idea that present-day geological processes shaped Earth's past.

Evidence for Evolution

  • Fossil Evidence: Shows changes in species over time; transitional fossils link ancient species to modern descendants (e.g., Archaeopteryx).
  • Anatomical Evidence: Homologous structures (similar structures in different species indicating common ancestry, e.g., human arm, bat wing, whale flipper) and vestigial structures (reduced or unused structures indicating evolutionary history, e.g., human tailbone).
  • Biochemical Evidence: DNA and protein comparisons show similarities among species; more closely related species have more similar genetic sequences.

Natural Selection in Detail

  • Mechanisms of Natural Selection:
    • Overproduction of offspring: More offspring are produced than can survive.
    • Variation: Individuals in a population vary.
    • Adaptation: Traits that provide survival advantages become more common in descendants.
    • Descent with Modification: Over generations, populations evolve.
  • Key Examples: Peppered moth and Darwin's finches' beak adaptations.

Taxonomy and Classification

  • Taxonomy: The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
  • Hierarchical System (Carl Linnaeus): Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
  • Importance of Taxonomy: Helps organize biological diversity and understand evolutionary relationships.
  • Modern Taxonomy: Uses phylogenetics (evolutionary trees) and molecular data (DNA sequencing) to classify species.

Ecosystems

  • Ecosystem Definition: A community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with their non-living environment (abiotic factors).
  • Ecosystem Examples: Forests, deserts, wetlands.
  • Ecosystem Components: Biotic (plants, animals, microbes); abiotic (climate, soil, water, sunlight).
  • Energy Flow: From producers to consumers (animals) and decomposers.
  • Nutrient Cycling: Carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles sustain life.
  • Ecosystem Variations by Location:
    • Earth's Rotation: Causes day/night, wind patterns, and photosynthesis.
    • Earth's Axis Tilt: Causes seasons.
    • Latitude: Determines climate zones.
    • Proximity to the Sea: Moderates coastal climates.
    • Ocean Currents, Altitude, Wind Patterns, Rainshadow Effect

Major Ecosystems (Biomes)

  • Major Biomes: Tropical Rainforests, Savannas, Deserts, Grasslands, Temperate Deciduous Forests, Taiga, Tundra.

Energy Flow: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis: Plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
  • Photosynthesis Location: Chloroplasts, specifically thylakoid membranes and the stroma.
  • Photosynthesis Key Molecule: Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight.
  • Photosynthesis Stages:
    • Light-Dependent Reactions: Convert light energy into chemical energy.
    • Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Use chemical energy to build glucose.
  • Cellular Respiration: Organisms break down glucose to release energy as ATP.
  • Cellular Respiration Location: Cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Krebs cycle, electron transport chain).
  • Cellular Respiration Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), Electron Transport Chain.

Biotic Relationships

  • Biotic Relationships: Interactions between living organisms.
  • Types of Interactions:
  • Intraspecific: Between members of the same species.
  • Interspecific: Between members of different species.
  • Mutualism: Both species benefit (+ +).
  • Commensalism: One species benefits, the other is unaffected (+ 0).
  • Parasitism: One species benefits, the other is harmed (+ -).
  • Competition: Both species are harmed (- -).
  • Predation: One species hunts and kills another (+ -).
  • Herbivory: An animal feeds on plants (+ -).
  • Amensalism: One species is harmed, the other is unaffected (- 0).
  • Keystone Species: Species with a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystem.
  • Symbiosis: Close, long-term interactions between species (includes mutualism, commensalism, parasitism).
  • Facilitation: Indirect positive effect of one species on another.

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Evolution and Taxonomy Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the concepts of evolution and taxonomy in this engaging quiz. Explore the ideas of key figures like Darwin and Wallace, and examine the evidence supporting evolution such as fossils and anatomical structures.

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