Evolution and Speciation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of ex situ conservation?

  • Seed banks (correct)
  • National parks
  • Marine protected areas
  • Wildlife reserves

    • The EDGE program focuses on species that are both evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered.

    True

    What is rewilding?

    Restoring ecosystems to their natural state.

    The two types of conservation methods are in situ and ______.

    <p>ex situ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of variation with its definition:

    <p>Discrete Variation = Distinct categories, e.g., blood type Continuous Variation = Range of phenotypes, e.g., height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All types of variation are only due to genetic factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define binomial nomenclature.

    <p>A scientific naming system that uses two names, genus and species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the biological species concept?

    <p>Species are defined as groups that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diploid chromosome number in organisms is typically odd.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a karyotype?

    <p>A karyotype is the arrangement of chromosomes by size, banding patterns, and centromere position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is a tool used for species identification based on step-by-step traits.

    <p>dichotomous key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Genome = Entire genetic material of an organism. Gene = Unit of heredity. Allele = Variant of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one ethical consideration related to genome sequencing?

    <p>Potential privacy concerns regarding genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosome number is typical for humans?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horizontal gene transfer facilitates the application of the biological species concept in bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do analogous structures indicate about the species that possess them?

    <p>They evolve in response to similar environmental pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Allopatric speciation occurs when populations geographically separate to form new species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define biodiversity.

    <p>Biodiversity refers to the variety of life at different levels, including species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive radiation leads to increased biodiversity by allowing species to exploit __________.

    <p>vacant niches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reproductive isolation with their descriptions:

    <p>Geographic isolation = Populations are separated by physical barriers Temporal isolation = Species breed at different times Behavioral isolation = Differing mating rituals prevent species from mating Mechanical isolation = Physical differences prevent successful mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism prevents gene mixing between species after fertilization?

    <p>Post-zygotic barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hybrid species, such as mules, are typically fertile and can reproduce.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the current biodiversity crisis?

    <p>Anthropogenic causes such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines evolution?

    <p>Changes in heritable characteristics of a population over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Darwin's theory of natural selection did not fundamentally change the field of biology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Lamarckism and Darwinian evolution?

    <p>Lamarckism suggests inheritance of acquired traits, while Darwinian evolution emphasizes natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The similarity of DNA, RNA, and ____ provides evidence for evolutionary relationships among species.

    <p>protein sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

    <p>The breeding of plants for higher yields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homologous structures serve the same function in different species but arise from different ancestries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the pentadactyl limb exemplifies divergent evolution.

    <p>The pentadactyl limb shows similarities in structure among various species but has evolved different functions, indicating common ancestry and adaptations to different environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their appropriate descriptions:

    <p>Natural Selection = Process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce. Artificial Selection = Breeding organisms for specific traits. Homologous Structures = Anatomical features similar in structure but different in function. Divergent Evolution = Process where related species evolve different traits due to different environmental pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution, Speciation, and Biodiversity

    • Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of a population over generations.
    • Lamarckism proposes inheritance of acquired traits, differing from Darwin's theory of natural selection.
    • Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution where advantageous traits are passed on.
    • Molecular evidence like DNA and protein sequences shows evolutionary relationships; the more similar the sequences, the closer the species.
    • Sequence divergence correlates with evolutionary distance.
    • Artificial selection is human-directed breeding for desirable traits.
    • Homologous structures (e.g., pentadactyl limbs) share common ancestry despite different functions due to divergent evolution.
    • Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution, where unrelated species evolve similar adaptations in similar environments.
    • Speciation occurs with reproductive isolation (geographic, temporal, or behavioral).
    • Allopatric speciation involves geographic separation; sympatric speciation occurs within overlapping ranges.
    • Biodiversity encompasses species, genetic, and ecosystem variety.
    • Past biodiversity levels were higher than current levels and were often impacted by mass extinctions.
    • Anthropogenic (human-caused) activities threaten biodiversity.
    • Conservation methods include in-situ (e.g., wildlife reserves) and ex-situ (e.g., zoos).
    • Reproductive isolation plays a role in the divergence of species, often due to geographic isolation.
    • Adaptive radiation increases biodiversity by allowing species to exploit new niches.
    • Barriers to hybridization (pre-zygotic and post-zygotic) prevent gene mixing between species.
    • Hybrid species often have reduced or no fertility.

    Biodiversity and Extinction

    • Biodiversity exists on multiple levels (species, genetic, and ecosystem).
    • Past biodiversity was often greater than present levels due to historical events.
    • Anthropogenic activities like habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change negatively impact biodiversity.
    • Declining species richness and unhealthy ecosystems are signs of a biodiversity crisis.

    Biodiversity Conservation

    • Conservation efforts can be in situ (within natural habitats) or ex situ (outside habitats, such as zoos).
    • The EDGE program prioritizes evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species.
    • Rewilding ecosystems to a natural state is a growing conservation strategy.

    Variation as a Defining Feature of Life

    • Variation is found within and between organisms due to genetic and environmental factors.
    • Sources of genetic variations include mutations and sexual reproduction.
    • Variation can be discrete (e.g., blood type) or continuous (e.g., height).
    • Differences within species arise from shared genetics; between species from divergent evolution.

    Species and Speciation

    • Morphological species concept: organisms with shared physical traits.
    • Binomial nomenclature: standardized system of naming organisms with genus and species.
    • Biological species concept: groups of interbreeding organisms that produce viable fertile offspring.
    • Species formation (speciation) is caused by reproductive isolation.

    Chromosome Numbers and Karyotyping

    • Chromosome number often distinguishes species.
    • Karyotype is the arrangement of chromosomes ordered by size, banding patterns, and centromere position.
    • Karyograms visually represent the karyotype.
    • Human sex determination is XX (female), XY (male).

    Genomes and Sequencing

    • Genome is an organism's complete set of genetic material.
    • Gene is the unit of heredity; allele is a variation of a gene.
    • Genome size does not always correlate with organism complexity.
    • Applications of genome sequencing are in medicine, agriculture, and evolutionary studies.
    • Ethical concerns regarding genome sequencing exist concerning privacy, discrimination, and access to genetic information.

    Advanced Concepts in Species Identification

    • Horizontal gene transfer is common in bacteria, complicating the biological species concept.
    • DNA barcoding and dichotomous keys are methods for identifying species, commonly used in conservation and tracking biodiversity studies.

    Need for Classification

    • Taxonomy is the science of classification.
    • Traditional classification hierarchy: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
    • Classification simplifies study and shows relationships among organisms, and their evolutionary relationships.

    Modern Challenges and Evolutionary Relationships

    • Convergent evolution can produce similar traits in unrelated species, making traditional classifications challenging.
    • Clade is a group of organisms with a common ancestor, using shared traits through evolution.

    Cladograms and Molecular Evidence

    • Molecular clock uses DNA/protein sequence differences to estimate time of evolutionary divergence.
    • Cladograms show evolutionary relationships through parsimony and bioinformatics.
    • DNA sequences are frequently used to create cladograms.

    Reclassification and Domains of Life

    • Cladistics uses molecular data (e.g., rRNA) to reassess classifications.
    • Three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, representing an important branch of modern (phylogenetic) classification.

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    Review: Evolution, Speciation, and Biodiversity (A3/4 Focus) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the concepts of evolution, speciation, and biodiversity. This quiz covers key theories such as Lamarckism and Darwin's natural selection, the molecular evidence supporting evolution, and different types of speciation. Gain a deeper understanding of how species evolve and adapt over time.

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