Podcast
Podcast
Podcast
Something went wrong
Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow
- Artificial selection (correct)
Individuals evolve over time, adapting to their environments.
Individuals evolve over time, adapting to their environments.
False (B)
What is the term for a feature of an organism that has evolved through natural selection?
What is the term for a feature of an organism that has evolved through natural selection?
adaptation
The concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors is a scientific explanation for both unity and ___________ of organisms.
The concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors is a scientific explanation for both unity and ___________ of organisms.
Match the following evolutionary concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following evolutionary concepts with their descriptions:
Which type of reasoning uses specific observations to form a general conclusion?
Which type of reasoning uses specific observations to form a general conclusion?
A hypothesis is a statement of an observed phenomenon that never changes.
A hypothesis is a statement of an observed phenomenon that never changes.
In a controlled experiment, what is the purpose of the control group?
In a controlled experiment, what is the purpose of the control group?
In a graph, the ______ variable is typically plotted on the Y axis.
In a graph, the ______ variable is typically plotted on the Y axis.
Match the type of study with its characteristic:
Match the type of study with its characteristic:
Which of the following is true about a null hypothesis?
Which of the following is true about a null hypothesis?
A theory is a tentative explanation based off data collected through observation and experimentation.
A theory is a tentative explanation based off data collected through observation and experimentation.
What is the first step of the scientific method?
What is the first step of the scientific method?
A(n) ______ graph is used for data that is continuous and has a fixed order.
A(n) ______ graph is used for data that is continuous and has a fixed order.
Match the following graph types with their primary use:
Match the following graph types with their primary use:
What are the three subatomic particles?
What are the three subatomic particles?
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of neutrons.
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of neutrons.
What is the term for an atom's capacity to attract electrons?
What is the term for an atom's capacity to attract electrons?
A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio is a ______.
A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio is a ______.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
What makes up the atomic mass of an atom?
What makes up the atomic mass of an atom?
The outermost electron shell of an atom is called the ______ shell.
The outermost electron shell of an atom is called the ______ shell.
Which of the following elements make up over 96% of the human body's mass?
Which of the following elements make up over 96% of the human body's mass?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
Asexual reproduction leads to high genetic diversity.
Asexual reproduction leads to high genetic diversity.
Name one of the common functions of all life.
Name one of the common functions of all life.
The process of breaking down complex systems into simpler components for easier study is called ______.
The process of breaking down complex systems into simpler components for easier study is called ______.
Match the following biological concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following biological concepts with their descriptions:
Which of these is NOT a level of biological organization?
Which of these is NOT a level of biological organization?
Positive feedback mechanisms work to maintain the status quo.
Positive feedback mechanisms work to maintain the status quo.
What is the main purpose of submitting an academic research paper to a journal?
What is the main purpose of submitting an academic research paper to a journal?
The main purpose of negative feedback is to ______ change.
The main purpose of negative feedback is to ______ change.
Match the following research paper types with their descriptions:
Match the following research paper types with their descriptions:
What type of reaction links monomers together to form large polymers?
What type of reaction links monomers together to form large polymers?
Changing one amino acid in a protein will not affect the overall shape of the protein.
Changing one amino acid in a protein will not affect the overall shape of the protein.
What kind of bonds in the ß-amyloid protein was the drug Alzhemed meant to disrupt?
What kind of bonds in the ß-amyloid protein was the drug Alzhemed meant to disrupt?
In RNA, the nitrogenous base ______ replaces thymine found in DNA.
In RNA, the nitrogenous base ______ replaces thymine found in DNA.
Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?
Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?
The two strands of DNA run parallel to each other.
The two strands of DNA run parallel to each other.
The 5' carbon end of a nucleotide has a ______ group attached to it.
The 5' carbon end of a nucleotide has a ______ group attached to it.
Which of the following is a purine?
Which of the following is a purine?
Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their complementary pairs:
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their complementary pairs:
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
A solution with a pH of 3 is considered basic.
A solution with a pH of 3 is considered basic.
What type of chemical bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
What type of chemical bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
A ________ is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion in solution.
A ________ is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion in solution.
Match the following functional groups with their chemical property:
Match the following functional groups with their chemical property:
Which of the following best describes the reaction that creates polymers?
Which of the following best describes the reaction that creates polymers?
Saturated fats consist of fatty acid chains with one or more double bonds.
Saturated fats consist of fatty acid chains with one or more double bonds.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
The primary structure of a protein is the ________ of amino acids.
The primary structure of a protein is the ________ of amino acids.
Match the following types of molecules with their examples:
Match the following types of molecules with their examples:
What type of molecule is cholesterol?
What type of molecule is cholesterol?
Hydrocarbons are polar molecules.
Hydrocarbons are polar molecules.
What is the role of enzymes in cells?
What is the role of enzymes in cells?
The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transport _________.
The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transport _________.
Match the level of protein structure to its description:
Match the level of protein structure to its description:
Questions and Answers
Something went wrong
Flashcards
Flashcards
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Applies general laws to explain specific phenomena.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Uses many observations to form a conclusion.
Strong Inference
Strong Inference
Testing and rejecting multiple hypotheses to arrive at the most likely explanation.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Theory
Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Law
Law
Signup and view all the flashcards
Manipulative Experiment
Manipulative Experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Controlled Experiment
Controlled Experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Natural Experiment
Natural Experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blind Experiment
Blind Experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Evolution
Evolution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptation
Adaptation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sexual Selection
Sexual Selection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic Tree
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell
Cell
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metabolism
Metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reproduction
Reproduction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Systems Biology
Systems Biology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reductionism
Reductionism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emergent Properties
Emergent Properties
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is matter?
What is matter?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an element?
What is an element?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a compound?
What is a compound?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an atom?
What is an atom?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a proton?
What is a proton?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a neutron?
What is a neutron?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an electron?
What is an electron?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is atomic mass?
What is atomic mass?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is atomic number?
What is atomic number?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehydration Reaction
Dehydration Reaction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Monomer
Monomer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Polymer
Polymer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why does changing one amino acid change a protein's shape?
Why does changing one amino acid change a protein's shape?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Signup and view all the flashcards
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Template Strand
Template Strand
Signup and view all the flashcards
Complementary Strand
Complementary Strand
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water
Water
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acid
Acid
Signup and view all the flashcards
Base
Base
Signup and view all the flashcards
Salt
Salt
Signup and view all the flashcards
pH
pH
Signup and view all the flashcards
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Isomers
Isomers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carbonyl Group
Carbonyl Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carboxyl Group
Carboxyl Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Amino Group
Amino Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sulfhydryl Group
Sulfhydryl Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Methyl Group
Methyl Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phosphate Group
Phosphate Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cellulose
Cellulose
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glycogen
Glycogen
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phospholipid
Phospholipid
Signup and view all the flashcards
Steroids
Steroids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enzyme
Enzyme
Signup and view all the flashcards
Primary Structure
Primary Structure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Flashcards
Something went wrong
Study Notes
Study Notes
Reasoning and Science
- Deductive reasoning: applying general laws to understand specific phenomena
- Inductive reasoning: using many observations to form a conclusion
- Strong inference: testing and rejecting multiple hypotheses
- Use of experiments
Scientific Method
- Recognition and formulation of a problem
- Collection of data through observation and experiment
- Formulation of hypothesis (best guess at solution for the problem)
- Testing hypothesis in laboratory/controlled conditions
Hypothesis versus Theory
- Hypothesis: a tentative explanation based on collected data
- Theory: a hypothesis that has survived repeated challenges and gained substantial experimental support
- Law: a statement of an observed phenomenon that never changes
- How a hypothesis becomes a theory: experimental testing
- Questions not addressable by science: supernatural/religious explanations
- Hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable
Experimental Design
- Manipulative experiments: conditions purposefully altered for one variable while all others are constant
- Controlled experiments: comparing a manipulated group to a control group that is not manipulated
- Natural experiments: observing events that have already happened
- Blind experiments: researcher doesn't know which group received the treatment
- Double-blind experiments: neither subject nor researcher knows treatment assignment
Null versus alternative hypotheses
- Null hypothesis: there will be no effect.
- Alternative hypothesis: there will be an effect.
Variables
- Dependent variable: affected by independent variable
- Independent variable: affects the dependent variable.
Graphs
- Bar graphs: useful for comparing counts/averages/summary statistics
- Line graphs: used for continuous data with a fixed order
- Scatter graphs: used for sets of data where dependent and independent variables can be plotted as (X,Y) coordinates and are independent from each other.
Peer-reviewed scientific literature
- Importance of peer review for original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
- Different types of scientific literature can yield different results.
The Process of Scientific Research and Publication
- Conducting research activities: experiments/comparisons/reports of events/reviews/meta-analysis
- Data analysis and paper writing: include background, conclusions
- Submission to journals and editor evaluation: whether paper is a proper fit
- Anonymous reviewers: judging the accuracy, interpretation and soundness of methods; deciding if conclusions meet data
- Publication outcome: revised, resubmitted if necessary, or rejected
Biology: The Study of Life
- Homeostasis: regulation of the internal environment to maintain equilibrium
- Organization: structure composed of cells
- Metabolism: transformation of energy (anabolism, catabolism)
- Living things: require energy for internal organization and other life phenomena
- Growth: maintenance of higher anabolism than catabolism
Characteristics of Living Things
- Growth: organism increases in size
- Adaptation: changing over time in response to the environment
- Response to stimuli: reacting to external factors
- Reproduction: creating new organisms
- Cellular structure: made of cells as basic units
The Origin of Life
- Evidence of common origin: all living things share characteristics (e.g. L-isomers of proteins, nucleic acids, codons, lipid membranes)
- Common ancestor: all life evolved from a single entity.
- Life arose approximately four billion years ago.
Levels of Biological Organization
- Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom
Emergent Properties and Systems Biology
- Emergent properties: properties arise from the interactions of parts within a system
- Reductionism: breaking complex systems into simpler components for study.
- Systems biology: analyzing interactions among parts of a biological system
Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms
- Cells coordinate chemical pathways through feedback regulation (positive, negative).
- Positive feedback: self-perpetuating
- Negative feedback: suppressing change and maintaining status quo
Evolution
- Evolution: change in frequency of genes in a population over time
- Natural selection: heritable traits increase or decrease in population
- Adaptations: features evolved through selection (vary by environment)
Other mechanisms of evolution:
- Genetic drift: random demographics
- Gene flow: genetic change from migration
- Sexual selection: effect of mate choice on gene frequency
- Populations separated long enough: can become very different due to accumulated evolutionary changes
Chemistry: The Chemical Context of Life
- Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass
- Elements: substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical reactions
- Compounds: substances composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
- Importance of elements in the human body: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen form 96% of body mass (including water)
- Atoms: smallest unit of matter retaining element properties
- Subatomic particles: protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (-)
Atoms: Structure and Bonds
-
Atomic mass: number of protons and neutrons
-
Atomic number: number of protons in an atom
-
Isotopes: atoms of an element with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons (important for radioisotope use in fossil dating)
-
Electron shells: regions of three dimensional space occupied by electrons around an atom's nucleus.
-
Each shell holds a limited number of electrons
-
Bonding electrons, also known as valence electrons, are important for chemical reactions.
-
Ionic bonds (involve electron transfer)
-
Covalent bonds (involve electron sharing)
-
Polar covalent bonds: unequal sharing of electrons creates partial charges
-
Nonpolar covalent bonds: electrons are shared equally, no resulting charges.
Polar Covalent Bonds & Electronegativity
- Electronegativity: ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a covalent bond
- Polar covalent bonds demonstrate an unequal sharing of electrons leading to partial positive and negative charges in the bonding molecule.
- Unequal sharing of electrons leads to partial charges
- Polar covalent bonds play an important role in creating hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen Bonds
- Attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a partially negative atom in another molecule.
- Important force in the structure and properties of water.
Chemistry of Water
- Polar covalent bonding and hydrogen bonding (how water molecules are held together)
- Unique properties arising from hydrogen bonds (e.g. cohesion, high heat of vaporization, excellent solvent.)
Acids, Bases, and Salts
- Acids: substances that donate H+ ions in a solution (increase H+ concentration)
- Bases: substances that accept H+ ions in a solution (decrease H+ concentration)
- Salts: compounds formed when an acid and base combine.
- pH: measure of H+ concentration in a solution
- Logarithmic scale
- Neutral pH: pH 7
- Acidic pH: 0–7
- Basic pH: 7-14
Organic Molecules
- Carbon: important element in organic molecules due to its capacity to form four covalent bonds
- Organic chemistry: Study of carbon-based compounds
- Types of organic molecules: Hydrocarbons, Carbohydrates (1:2:1 ratio C:H:O), Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
- Monomers: simple building blocks of polymers
- Polymers: large molecules made of monomers
- Dehydration reaction: creating polymers
- Hydrolysis: breaking polymers
- Carbohydrates: Structural and energy
- Lipids: Nonpolar, hydrophobic, energy storage and membranes
- Proteins. Catalyze chemical reactions, structural, transport, communication, defense.
- Nucleic acids: store, transfer genetic information
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary structures of proteins
Polysaccharides
- Storage: starch (plants), glycogen (animals)
- Structural: cellulose (plants), chitin (exoskeletons)
Lipids
- Energy storage: fats
- Membranes: phospholipids
- Other roles: steroids (e.g., hormones)
Four types of molecules characteristic to life:
- Carbohydrates: provide energy and structural support (1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen)
- Lipids: insulation and building cell membranes (e.g., phospholipids, steroids)
- Proteins: catalyze chemical reactions, structural, transportation, communication, defense (ex enzymes, hormones)
- Nucleic acids: store and transfer genetic information (ex, DNA, RNA).
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
- DNA: stores genetic information, double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, and has the nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
- RNA: involved in protein synthesis, single stranded, ribose sugar, and has the nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
- Polymers of nucleotides
- Directionality: 5' to 3' (synthesis of new strands)
Proteins
- Structure: primary (linear sequence of amino acids), secondary (folding patterns), tertiary (3D structure), quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains)
- Functions: wide range of functions including structural support, catalysis, transportation, defense and signaling (ex. hormones).
- Composed of monomers: amino acids
- Two reactions: dehydration reaction, hydrolysis
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Study Notes
Something went wrong
