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Questions and Answers
What advantage did black English Peppered Moths gain during the Industrial Revolution?
What advantage did black English Peppered Moths gain during the Industrial Revolution?
The Flecked English Peppered Moth was more common before the Industrial Revolution.
The Flecked English Peppered Moth was more common before the Industrial Revolution.
True
What occurred to the population of black moths by 1889?
What occurred to the population of black moths by 1889?
They increased to 95% of the population.
The ______ butterfly is harmful and tastes bad, leading predators to avoid it.
The ______ butterfly is harmful and tastes bad, leading predators to avoid it.
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Match the following events with their outcomes regarding the English Peppered Moth:
Match the following events with their outcomes regarding the English Peppered Moth:
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What caused the increase in the lighter flecked moth population?
What caused the increase in the lighter flecked moth population?
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By 1989, the black moth population had fallen to 30%.
By 1989, the black moth population had fallen to 30%.
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What is a mutation?
What is a mutation?
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A genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chance of survival is called __________.
A genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chance of survival is called __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What did Darwin collect during his voyage on the HMS Beagle?
What did Darwin collect during his voyage on the HMS Beagle?
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Which statement is true about genetic variation?
Which statement is true about genetic variation?
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Darwin defined evolution primarily as a process that signifies progress over time.
Darwin defined evolution primarily as a process that signifies progress over time.
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What is the primary concept behind 'survival of the fittest' in Darwin's theory?
What is the primary concept behind 'survival of the fittest' in Darwin's theory?
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Somatic mutations are passed on to subsequent generations.
Somatic mutations are passed on to subsequent generations.
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Darwin never used the term '______' as it implied progress.
Darwin never used the term '______' as it implied progress.
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List two abiotic factors that can influence selective pressure.
List two abiotic factors that can influence selective pressure.
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Match the following pieces of evidence with their descriptions:
Match the following pieces of evidence with their descriptions:
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In what year did Darwin return from his voyage on the HMS Beagle?
In what year did Darwin return from his voyage on the HMS Beagle?
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The Galapagos Islands were formed at different times and have diverse abiotic conditions.
The Galapagos Islands were formed at different times and have diverse abiotic conditions.
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How do organisms that are deemed 'fittest' ensure their survival according to Darwin's theory?
How do organisms that are deemed 'fittest' ensure their survival according to Darwin's theory?
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Which of the following is an example of behavioural isolation?
Which of the following is an example of behavioural isolation?
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Temporal isolation occurs when two species live in different geographical regions.
Temporal isolation occurs when two species live in different geographical regions.
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What is the main consequence of gametic isolation?
What is the main consequence of gametic isolation?
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Mechanical isolation can occur due to differences in anatomical ______________.
Mechanical isolation can occur due to differences in anatomical ______________.
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Match the reproductive isolation mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the reproductive isolation mechanisms with their descriptions:
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What primarily leads to the genetic distinction of isolated populations over time?
What primarily leads to the genetic distinction of isolated populations over time?
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Divergent evolution results in species becoming similar due to shared environmental conditions.
Divergent evolution results in species becoming similar due to shared environmental conditions.
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Identify the two models of evolutionary change described in the content.
Identify the two models of evolutionary change described in the content.
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Wings in bats, birds, and bugs represent ______ evolution, as they share similar functions but not common ancestry.
Wings in bats, birds, and bugs represent ______ evolution, as they share similar functions but not common ancestry.
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Match the types of evolution to their descriptions:
Match the types of evolution to their descriptions:
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What does microevolution primarily focus on?
What does microevolution primarily focus on?
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Macroevolution is a process that results from microevolution over a long period.
Macroevolution is a process that results from microevolution over a long period.
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What role do mutations play in microevolution?
What role do mutations play in microevolution?
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The introduction of new alleles through migration is known as ______.
The introduction of new alleles through migration is known as ______.
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What is a consequence of genetic drift in a small population?
What is a consequence of genetic drift in a small population?
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The effects of genetic drift are more significant in larger populations than in smaller ones.
The effects of genetic drift are more significant in larger populations than in smaller ones.
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Give an example of how a mutation can lead to increased survival in a species.
Give an example of how a mutation can lead to increased survival in a species.
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Study Notes
Adaptation vs. Variation
- Adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce in a particular ecosystem
- Variations are differences between individuals, which can be structural, functional, or physiological
Types of Adaptations
- Structural Adaptations: Physical features enabling survival in an environment.
- Physiological Adaptations: Internal or cellular features enabling survival in an environment. Examples include hibernation to reduce metabolism and venom production for defense or hunting.
- Behavioral Adaptations: Actions enabling survival in their environment. Examples include migration for food or favorable weather, or group traveling for protection against predators.
Camouflage and Mimicry
- Camouflage: Organisms blending in with their environment, increasing their chances of survival. Examples include stick insects.
- Mimicry: Harmless species resembling harmful ones in color or structure, deterring predators. Examples include the monarch and viceroy butterfly.
English Peppered Moth
- Example of adaptation to environmental change.
- Colour variations: greyish-white with black spots (flecked), and black (melanic).
- Nocturnal, resting in trees during the day.
- Prey for birds.
Industrial Revolution and Peppered Moths
- Before the Industrial Revolution, light-colored lichens covered trees, providing camouflage for the light-colored moths.
- Darker-colored moths were less common (2% of the population).
- During the Industrial Revolution, air pollution killed lichens and trees became dark, increasing the visibility of light-colored moths.
- Dark-colored moths had a selective advantage, becoming more common (95% of the population by 1889).
- After pollution reduction, lighter-colored moths increased, because the trees became light again.
Variation Within Species Arises From Genes
- Genetic variations allow for a large number of possible gene combinations.
- This ultimately leads to differing genetic variations of individuals within a population.
Mutation & Selective Advantage
- Mutations are permanent changes in DNA, the source of new variation.
- Mutations can be random and occur in somatic (body) cells and gamete cells.
- Mutations can be caused by UV radiation, viruses, or exposure to chemicals.
- Only mutations in gamete cells can be passed to offspring giving a potential selective advantage.
Selective Pressure
- Environmental factors (abiotic and biotic factors) determine whether traits are suitable for survival.
- Useful traits are selected for; those not are selected against. Examples: light, water, temperature, soil, food, mates, habitat, parasites etc.
Selective Advantage
- A genetic advantage that improves an organism's chance of survival and reproduction under changing environmental conditions.
Process of Natural Selection
- The traits in a population change over many generations through organisms with advantageous traits surviving and reproducing.
Natural Selection
- No purpose or direction (situational); beneficial traits in one environment may not be so in another.
- Adaptations are a result of natural selection acting on populations (who are better adapted in a specific environment) to improve their survival and reproduction.
Genetic Variability
- Diversity within a species (e.g., peppered moths, antibiotic resistance).
Heritability
- Traits passed on to offspring.
Selective Pressure
- Environmental conditions that favor or disfavor certain traits.
Artificial Selection
- Selective pressure exerted by humans to improve or modify particular traits in populations (e.g., domesticated plants and animals).
Comte de Buffon/Leclerc
- Early naturalist who implied that species change over time.
Anning
- Fossil hunter who uncovered important fossils, especially plesiosaurs.
Cuvier
- Founder of paleontology who discovered that each rock layer has unique fossil species, and came up with Catastrophism.
Lyell
- Proposed uniformitarianism: Earth's surface changes gradually over time.
Lamarck
- Proposed the Theory of Acquired Characteristics: traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed down. Examples include increased muscle mass or giraffes stretching their necks. However, this theory is incorrect.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
- Publication in 1859.
- Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
- Individuals vary, and much variation is heritable.
- Individuals better suited to local conditions survive to reproduce.
- Change is slow and gradual.
- Example: English peppered moth.
Evidence for Evolution
- Fossil Record: Fossils in older layers are different from modern species.
- Biogeography: Geographic distribution of species provides evidence of common ancestry.
- Comparative Anatomy: Homologous (similar structure, different functions) and analogous structures (different structure, similar functions) provide links between species.
- Embryology: Similar embryonic development suggests common ancestry.
- Molecular Biology: Similar DNA sequences in closely related species.
Macroevolution vs. Microevolution
- Macroevolution: Large-scale evolutionary changes, like the emergence of new species.
- Microevolution: Small-scale changes in gene frequencies within a population.
Mutations
- A change in DNA that can be random (mutations) or caused by environmental factors.
Gene Flow
- The movement of genes between populations, which alters allele frequencies in those populations.
Genetic Drift
- Random changes in allele frequencies, especially prominent in small populations.
Bottleneck Effect
- A significant reduction in population size due to environmental events, potentially altering allele frequencies.
Founder Effect
- A new population started by a small group of individuals from a larger population. The allele frequency of these individuals can differ significantly from the original population.
Non-Random Mating
- Mating partners not chosen at random, but based on phenotypic traits or relatedness. This includes inbreeding.
Types of Natural Selection
- Stabilizing selection: Extreme phenotypes are selected against, and moderate traits favoured.
- Directional selection: One extreme phenotype is favoured over the other.
- Disruptive selection: Both extreme phenotypes are favoured over the moderate phenotypes.
- Sexual selection: Traits that increase mating success, even if not directly related to survival.
Speciation
- The process by which new species originate.
- Reproductive isolation is key to speciation -- populations must be reproductively isolated from each other so that gene flow between them ceases.
- Allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when populations are geographically separated.
- Sympatric speciation: Speciation that occurs within a single population
Divergent Evolution
- Evolutionary change that produces traits that are dissimilar, as a response to differing environmental stimuli.
- Results from adaptive divergence; dissimilar adaptations/traits in different species because they are adapted to different environmental conditions.
Convergent Evolution
- Evolutionary changes produce traits that are similar in unrelated species.
- Results from analogous structures. Similar traits/adaptations in different species because they are adapted to similar environmental conditions.
Types of Speciation
- Allopatric: Geographic isolation
- Sympatric: Not geographically isolated; different breeding behaviours, or other characteristics cause reproductive isolation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the evolution of the English Peppered Moth and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on its population. This quiz covers concepts such as genetic variation, survival of the fittest, and the definitions related to Darwin's theories. Perfect for students studying biology or evolution.
