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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully?
What is the name of the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully?
Natural Selection
Lamarck's theory of evolution involved the inheritance of acquired characteristics, meaning traits developed during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to offspring.
Lamarck's theory of evolution involved the inheritance of acquired characteristics, meaning traits developed during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to offspring.
True (A)
Match the following evolutionary terms with their descriptions:
Match the following evolutionary terms with their descriptions:
Natural Selection = Differential survival and reproduction based on advantageous traits Genetic Drift = Random changes in allele frequencies in a population Founder Effect = Establishment of a new population from a small group of individuals Bottleneck Effect = A drastic reduction in population size, leading to reduced genetic diversity
Which of the following is NOT a key component of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Which of the following is NOT a key component of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
The process of ______ involves changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.
The process of ______ involves changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.
Which of the following is an example of a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents gene flow between populations?
Which of the following is an example of a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents gene flow between populations?
Mutations are always harmful to an organism.
Mutations are always harmful to an organism.
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
What is the significance of Darwin's book "The Origin of Species"?
What is the significance of Darwin's book "The Origin of Species"?
The ______ effect occurs when a small group of individuals from a larger population colonizes a new area, resulting in a reduced gene pool.
The ______ effect occurs when a small group of individuals from a larger population colonizes a new area, resulting in a reduced gene pool.
Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
Bile is produced by the gall bladder.
Bile is produced by the gall bladder.
What is the primary function of bile in the digestive process?
What is the primary function of bile in the digestive process?
The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and _________ to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.
The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and _________ to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.
Match the following kingdoms with example organisms:
Match the following kingdoms with example organisms:
Which of the following best describes the method of nutrient acquisition used by fungi?
Which of the following best describes the method of nutrient acquisition used by fungi?
Individual organisms are the primary units of evolution.
Individual organisms are the primary units of evolution.
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cell cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cell cycle?
The levels of classification, from broadest to most specific, include Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, _________, and Species.
The levels of classification, from broadest to most specific, include Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, _________, and Species.
What is the correct format for binomial nomenclature?
What is the correct format for binomial nomenclature?
Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
Incomplete dominance results in both alleles being fully expressed in the phenotype
Incomplete dominance results in both alleles being fully expressed in the phenotype
What are the two main requirements for respiration in animals?
What are the two main requirements for respiration in animals?
What is the function of arteries?
What is the function of arteries?
The heart's electrical activity is measured by a(n) ______.
The heart's electrical activity is measured by a(n) ______.
Which of the following is an example of a genetic disorder related to nondisjunction?
Which of the following is an example of a genetic disorder related to nondisjunction?
Systemic circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.
Systemic circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.
Which component of blood is responsible for carrying oxygen?
Which component of blood is responsible for carrying oxygen?
Flashcards
Mitosis
Mitosis
The process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. It involves four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis
Meiosis
The process of cell division that produces four gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It consists of two rounds of division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
The process of cell division that occurs after mitosis or meiosis to physically separate the cytoplasm and organelles of the daughter cells.
Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction
A condition that occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the gametes.
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Klinefelter's Syndrome
Klinefelter's Syndrome
A genetic condition characterized by an extra X chromosome in males (XXY). Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome typically have a taller stature, less body hair, and larger breasts.
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Down's Syndrome
Down's Syndrome
A genetic condition characterized by an extra chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome typically have a characteristic facial appearance, intellectual disability, and health problems.
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Turner's Syndrome
Turner's Syndrome
A genetic condition characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females (X0). Individuals with Turner syndrome typically have short stature, delayed puberty, and heart defects.
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Phenotype
Phenotype
The physical characteristics of an organism, such as hair color or eye color.
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Genotype
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles it carries.
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Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between individuals that differ in only one trait.
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Digestion
Digestion
The process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.
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Accessory Organs
Accessory Organs
These organs help in digestion but are not part of the digestive tract itself. Examples include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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Bile
Bile
A greenish-yellow fluid produced by the liver that aids in fat digestion by breaking down large fat molecules into smaller droplets.
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Gallbladder
Gallbladder
A muscular sac attached to the liver that stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when needed.
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Pancreas
Pancreas
An organ located behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. It also releases sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.
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Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
Organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in their cells. They are generally single-celled and very diverse.
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are usually multicellular and include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature
A two-part scientific naming system used to identify a specific species. The first part is the genus and the second part is the specific epithet.
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Levels of Classification
Levels of Classification
A hierarchical system that categorizes organisms based on shared characteristics, starting with the broadest group (Domain) and narrowing down to the most specific (Species).
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Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous Key
A branching key used to identify organisms by asking a series of questions with two possible answers at each step.
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those traits to their offspring.
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Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift
Changes in a population's gene pool that result from chance events. Think of a small group of individuals being separated from the rest of the population.
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Sympatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
A type of speciation where a new species evolves from a population in the same geographic area, often due to reproductive isolation.
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Founder Effect
Founder Effect
A change in the gene pool that occurs when a few individuals establish a new, isolated population, resulting in limited genetic diversity.
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Gene Flow
Gene Flow
The process by which changes in the frequencies of alleles occur due to the movement of individuals between populations.
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Allopatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
The process by which a new species evolves from an existing species, often due to geographic isolation.
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Mutation
Mutation
Changes in the DNA sequence that are the only source of new genetic variation within a population.
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
The idea that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime are passed on to its offspring. This theory is now considered incorrect.
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Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection
The process of intentional breeding by humans to select for desirable traits in domestic animals and plants.
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Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
The theory that states that all living things are descended from a common ancestor and have changed over time through natural selection.
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Exam Information
- Date: Friday, January 24
- Time: 8:50am
- Location: Room 250
- Length: 2 hours
Exam Outline
- Scantron: 45 multiple choice questions
- Matching: 25 marks
- Short Answer Questions: 4 questions, 3 are mandatory, 25 marks
- Labeling Diagrams: 8 marks
Hint
- All exam questions are covered in the PowerPoint
- Some concepts are not on the exam.
- See the image for concepts to ignore during studying.
Genetic Processes
- Covered in the PowerPoint review
Cell Cycle
- Covered in the PowerPoint review
Genetic Material – DNA, RNA – Structures and Function
- DNA structure is a double helix
- DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- RNA structure is a single helix
- RNA is composed of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- Adenine pairs with Thymine (DNA) / Uracil (RNA)
- Guanine pairs with Cytosine
- Remember AT&T, CoGeco (Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA)
Interphase, mitosis/ meiosis, cytokines
- Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells
- Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
- Differences between mitosis and meiosis are detailed in the provided diagram
- Errors in meiosis can cause genetic disorders (e.g., Klinefelter's, Turner's, Down syndrome)
Human Chromosomes
- Total of 46 chromosomes
- 22 pairs of autosomes
- 2 sex chromosomes
Mendelian Genetics
- Principles of inheritance, including concepts like dominant and recessive traits, and genotype versus phenotype.
- Punnett squares are used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Monohybrid Cross
- The allele B (dominant) codes for blue flowers.
- The allele b (recessive) codes for white flowers.
- See the Punnett square for the cross.
- Ratios for phenotype and genotype in the results are provided in the diagram.
Non-Mendelian Genetics
- Describes inheritance patterns that do not follow Mendel's laws, such as incomplete dominance and codominance.
Incomplete dominance vs Codominance
- Examples of these non-Mendelian Genetics are shown.
Multiple Alleles (Blood Types)
- Inheritance of the ABO blood system is illustrated in the provided diagram
Patterns of Inheritance
- Diagram illustrates X-linked recessive inheritance.
X-linked and autosomal Genetic Diseases
- Examples of hemophilia and sickle-cell anemia are described
- Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder.
- Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder
Animals Structure and Function
- Covered in the PowerPoint
Some parts of the cells and their functions
- Diagram shows the different parts of a cell like the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, cytoskeleton, ribosomes and their functions.
Circulatory System
- Covered in the PowerPoint
Components of Blood (plasma and cells)
- Details about plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are described.
Structure and function of the different types of blood cells
- Functions of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are detailed
Blood Types
- Refer to genetics section for details
Blood Vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins)
- The different components of the blood vessels and their functions are described in the diagram
Heart Structures and Function
- Detailed diagram showing the parts and functions of the heart
Heart Conduction System
- This system in the heart is explained using a diagram
Systemic Circulation, cardiac circulation
- Explained using a diagram to showcase the flow of blood in the body
Blood Pressure
- Diagrams and explanations of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure
Cardiac Technologies and Diseases (arrhythmias, ECG, Myocardial Infarction)
- Diagram of ECG and possible issues are shown
Respiratory System
- Covered in the PowerPoint
Organs/parts of the respiratory system and their functions
- Diagram illustrating the main respiratory parts and their location
Respiration requirements
- Explanations of requirements for respiration.
Mechanics of respiration (inhalation and exhalation)
- Diagram detailing inhalation and exhalation mechanics
Lung Capacity – Values, Spirometer
- Diagram to understand lung capacity measurements and spirometer usage.
Respiratory Disorders (e.g., emphysema, asthma)
- Shows different types of lung diseases.
Digestive System
- Covered in the PowerPoint
Organs/parts of digestive system
- Different parts of the digestive system and their locations in the body are illustrated.
Accessory organs (gall bladder, liver, pancreas)
- Functions of liver (producing bile), gall bladder (bile storage), and pancreas (releasing digestive enzymes) are elaborated.
Enzymes and Nutrients – 4 Macromolecules
- Diagram explaining the different macromolecules and enzymes used for digestion
Why do we need to eat vegetables if mammals cannot digest insoluble fiber?
- Benefits of insoluble and soluble fiber are detailed.
Mechanical/Physical Digestion and Chemical Digestion
- Digestion processes in mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
- Absorption of nutrients and water.
Digestive disorders (e.g., Hiatal hernia, GERD)
- Diagram showing the causes and symptoms of upper and lower digestive disorders.
Diversity of Living Things
- Covered in the presentation
Kingdom, Cell Type, Cell Number, Feeding Type, Location
- Six kingdoms are detailed
- Characteristics of each Kingdom are identified.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Archaea vs. Bacteria
- Differences between archaea and bacteria species
Gram Positive vs. Negative Bacteria
- Diagrams explain the differences
Kingdom Animalia Characteristics, Major Animal Phyla
- Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
- Different Phyla are explained.
Binomial Nomenclature, Levels of Classification
- Explanation of the concepts of binomial nomenclature and levels of classification including examples.
Know how to use a Dichotomous Key
- Instructions on leaf identification using the dichotomous key
Viruses (Structure, Reproduction Methods)
- Different types of viral structures are presented along with their life cycles
Plants
- Covered in the presentation
Characteristics of Plants
- Features of plant cells are presented with descriptions.
Parts of Flowers
- Parts of flowers including stamens, petals, ovules and ovary are identified.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
- Differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms are detailed
Evolution
- Covered with description
Individual organisms do not evolve; populations do
- Explanation about evolution and different scientific concepts.
Evidence of Evolution
- Details about fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and DNA evidence
Charles Darwin-Contribution to Evolution and scientists that contributed to his theory
- Contributions of scientists to Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Lamarck vs. Darwin
- Comparison of Lamarckian and Darwinian views on evolution of living organisms.
Natural Selection; Artificial Selection
- Comparison of natural and artificial selection
Mutation-neutral, harmful, beneficial
- Explanation surrounding mutations and their effects on living organisms
Microevolution: Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect / Founder Effect
- Explanations about microevolutionary mechanisms and their effect on populations, including gene flow, genetic drift, founder effect, and bottleneck effect.
Founder effect
- Explanation about the change in gene pool and its relationship to few individuals initiating a new population.
Gene pool change from rapid decrease in population size
- Explanation detailing bottleneck effects.
Macroevolution: Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation, Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
- Detailed description of the mechanisms of speciation like allopatric and sympatric.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts of evolution and natural selection. This quiz covers topics such as Darwin's theory, speciation, and the role of mutations. Perfect for students studying evolutionary biology or related subjects.