Evolution and Natural Selection Quiz

Exam Information

• Date: Friday, January 24
• Time: 8:50am
• Location: Room 250
• Length: 2 hours

Exam Outline

• Scantron: 45 multiple choice questions
• Matching: 25 marks
• Short Answer Questions: 4 questions, 3 are mandatory, 25 marks
• Labeling Diagrams: 8 marks

Hint

• All exam questions are covered in the PowerPoint
• Some concepts are not on the exam.
• See the image for concepts to ignore during studying.

Genetic Processes

• Covered in the PowerPoint review

Cell Cycle

• Covered in the PowerPoint review

Genetic Material – DNA, RNA – Structures and Function

• DNA structure is a double helix
• DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• RNA structure is a single helix
• RNA is composed of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• Adenine pairs with Thymine (DNA) / Uracil (RNA)
• Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• Remember AT&T, CoGeco (Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA)

Interphase, mitosis/ meiosis, cytokines

• Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells
• Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
• Differences between mitosis and meiosis are detailed in the provided diagram
• Errors in meiosis can cause genetic disorders (e.g., Klinefelter's, Turner's, Down syndrome)

Human Chromosomes

• Total of 46 chromosomes
• 22 pairs of autosomes
• 2 sex chromosomes

Mendelian Genetics

• Principles of inheritance, including concepts like dominant and recessive traits, and genotype versus phenotype.
• Punnett squares are used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Monohybrid Cross

• The allele B (dominant) codes for blue flowers.
• The allele b (recessive) codes for white flowers.
• See the Punnett square for the cross.
• Ratios for phenotype and genotype in the results are provided in the diagram.

Non-Mendelian Genetics

• Describes inheritance patterns that do not follow Mendel's laws, such as incomplete dominance and codominance.

Incomplete dominance vs Codominance

• Examples of these non-Mendelian Genetics are shown.

Multiple Alleles (Blood Types)

• Inheritance of the ABO blood system is illustrated in the provided diagram

Patterns of Inheritance

• Diagram illustrates X-linked recessive inheritance.

X-linked and autosomal Genetic Diseases

• Examples of hemophilia and sickle-cell anemia are described
• Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder.
• Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder

Animals Structure and Function

• Covered in the PowerPoint

Some parts of the cells and their functions

• Diagram shows the different parts of a cell like the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, cytoskeleton, ribosomes and their functions.

Circulatory System

• Covered in the PowerPoint

Components of Blood (plasma and cells)

• Details about plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are described.

Structure and function of the different types of blood cells

• Functions of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are detailed

Blood Types

• Refer to genetics section for details

Blood Vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins)

• The different components of the blood vessels and their functions are described in the diagram

Heart Structures and Function

• Detailed diagram showing the parts and functions of the heart

Heart Conduction System

• This system in the heart is explained using a diagram

Systemic Circulation, cardiac circulation

• Explained using a diagram to showcase the flow of blood in the body

Blood Pressure

• Diagrams and explanations of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure

Cardiac Technologies and Diseases (arrhythmias, ECG, Myocardial Infarction)

• Diagram of ECG and possible issues are shown

Respiratory System

• Covered in the PowerPoint

Organs/parts of the respiratory system and their functions

• Diagram illustrating the main respiratory parts and their location

Respiration requirements

• Explanations of requirements for respiration.

Mechanics of respiration (inhalation and exhalation)

• Diagram detailing inhalation and exhalation mechanics

Lung Capacity – Values, Spirometer

• Diagram to understand lung capacity measurements and spirometer usage.

Respiratory Disorders (e.g., emphysema, asthma)

• Shows different types of lung diseases.

Digestive System

• Covered in the PowerPoint

Organs/parts of digestive system

• Different parts of the digestive system and their locations in the body are illustrated.

Accessory organs (gall bladder, liver, pancreas)

• Functions of liver (producing bile), gall bladder (bile storage), and pancreas (releasing digestive enzymes) are elaborated.

Enzymes and Nutrients – 4 Macromolecules

• Diagram explaining the different macromolecules and enzymes used for digestion

Why do we need to eat vegetables if mammals cannot digest insoluble fiber?

• Benefits of insoluble and soluble fiber are detailed.

Mechanical/Physical Digestion and Chemical Digestion

• Digestion processes in mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
• Absorption of nutrients and water.

Digestive disorders (e.g., Hiatal hernia, GERD)

• Diagram showing the causes and symptoms of upper and lower digestive disorders.

Diversity of Living Things

• Covered in the presentation

Kingdom, Cell Type, Cell Number, Feeding Type, Location

• Six kingdoms are detailed
• Characteristics of each Kingdom are identified.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Archaea vs. Bacteria

• Differences between archaea and bacteria species

Gram Positive vs. Negative Bacteria

• Diagrams explain the differences

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics, Major Animal Phyla

• Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
• Different Phyla are explained.

Binomial Nomenclature, Levels of Classification

• Explanation of the concepts of binomial nomenclature and levels of classification including examples.

Know how to use a Dichotomous Key

• Instructions on leaf identification using the dichotomous key

Viruses (Structure, Reproduction Methods)

• Different types of viral structures are presented along with their life cycles

Plants

• Covered in the presentation

Characteristics of Plants

• Features of plant cells are presented with descriptions.

Parts of Flowers

• Parts of flowers including stamens, petals, ovules and ovary are identified.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms are detailed

Evolution

• Covered with description

Individual organisms do not evolve; populations do

• Explanation about evolution and different scientific concepts.

Evidence of Evolution

• Details about fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and DNA evidence

Charles Darwin-Contribution to Evolution and scientists that contributed to his theory

• Contributions of scientists to Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Lamarck vs. Darwin

• Comparison of Lamarckian and Darwinian views on evolution of living organisms.

Natural Selection; Artificial Selection

• Comparison of natural and artificial selection

Mutation-neutral, harmful, beneficial

• Explanation surrounding mutations and their effects on living organisms

Microevolution: Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect / Founder Effect

• Explanations about microevolutionary mechanisms and their effect on populations, including gene flow, genetic drift, founder effect, and bottleneck effect.

Founder effect

• Explanation about the change in gene pool and its relationship to few individuals initiating a new population.

Gene pool change from rapid decrease in population size

• Explanation detailing bottleneck effects.

Macroevolution: Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation, Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

• Detailed description of the mechanisms of speciation like allopatric and sympatric.