Evolution and Natural Selection

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Questions and Answers

What does the acronym 'API' stand for?

  • Automated Process Interaction
  • Advanced Program Integration
  • Applied Programming Instruction
  • Application Programming Interface (correct)

A boolean variable can store any whole number.

False (B)

What type of programming structure repeats a block of code?

Loop

A named storage location in a computer’s memory is called a ______.

<p>variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid data type in most programming languages?

<p>Character (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Algorithm = Step-by-step problem-solving procedure Data Structure = Organized way to store and manage data Variable = Named memory location to store a value Loop = Repeating a block of code</p> Signup and view all the answers

An if statement is used to execute a block of code regardless of whether a condition is true or false.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operator is used for assignment in most programming languages?

<p>= (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A function that calls itself is known as a ______ function.

<p>recursive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a compiler?

<p>Translate code</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for combining data and methods into a single unit?

<p>Encapsulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comments in code are executed by the compiler.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a collection of elements of the same data type.

<p>array</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is debugging?

<p>Finding errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a low-level programming language?

<p>Assembly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A constant's value can change during a program's execution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symbols with their common meanings in programming:

<p>// = Single-line comment /* ... */ = Multi-line comment = = Assignment operator == = Equality operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of verifying that a program works correctly is called ______.

<p>testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CPU stand for?

<p>Central Processing Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which keyword is used to declare a constant variable in many programming languages?

<p>const (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Celiac trunk

Branch of the aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen.

Hepatic artery

Artery that branches off the celiac trunk to supply the liver.

Gastric artery

Artery that branches off the celiac trunk to supply the stomach.

Splenic artery

Artery that branches off the celiac trunk to supply the spleen.

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Superior mesenteric artery

Artery that supplies the small intestine

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Inferior mesenteric artery

Artery that supplies the large intestine

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Hepatic portal vein

Vein that drains blood from the digestive organs to the liver, facilitating nutrient processing and detoxification.

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Arteries

These carry blood away from the heart.

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Veins

These carry blood towards the heart.

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Capillaries

These are the smallest blood vessels, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange.

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Tunica adventitia

The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of connective tissue.

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Tunica media

The middle layer of a blood vessel, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

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Tunica intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of endothelium.

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Endothelium

The inner lining of blood vessels, providing a smooth surface for blood flow.

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Veins

These have thinner walls, larger lumens, and valves to prevent backflow.

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Arteries

These have thicker walls and higher blood pressure.

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Capillaries

Microscopic vessels where exchange of nutrients and waste occurs.

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Venules

The smallest veins that drain blood from the capillaries.

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Arterioles

These are the smallest arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries

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Study Notes

  • Natural selection involves differential success in survival and reproduction
  • Natural selection results from interactions between individual organisms and their environment
  • Natural selection can only act on variation with a genetic component
  • Evolution is change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
  • Microevolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
  • Macroevolution refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level
  • The three main mechanisms that cause changes in allele frequencies are: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
  • Only natural selection consistently causes adaptive evolution
  • A discrete character is either-or basis
  • A quantitative character varies along a continuum within a population
  • Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA
  • Point mutation is a change of one base in a gene
  • Mutations can be passed on if in gametes
  • A neutral mutation is when there is no effect on the protein
  • Chromosomal mutations that delete, disrupt, or rearrange many loci are typically harmful
  • Duplication of small pieces of DNA increases genome size and is usually less harmful
  • Mutation rates are low in animals and plants
  • Viruses have high mutation rates
  • Sexual reproduction can result in genetic variation by recombining existing alleles
  • Three mechanisms that contribute to shuffling are: crossing over, independent assortment, and fertilization
  • Population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring
  • Gene pool consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population
  • Fixed allele is when all individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele
  • The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a population that is not evolving
  • The five conditions for non-evolving populations are: no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, and no gene flow
  • Natural selection causes adaptive evolution by acting on an organism's phenotype
  • Relative fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals
  • Directional selection occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction
  • Disruptive selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
  • Stabilizing selection acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
  • Sexual selection is a process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates
  • Sexual dimorphism is a difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species
  • Intrasexual selection is selection within the same se, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
  • Intersexual selection is mate choice, individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex
  • Balancing selection occurs when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population
  • Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes
  • Frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population
  • Genetic drift describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
  • Founder effect occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population
  • Bottleneck effect is when there is a drastic reduction in population size due to a sudden change in the environment
  • Gene flow consists of the movement of alleles among populations
  • Adaptive evolution occurs as the match between a species and its environment increases
  • Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
  • Genetic drift and gene flow can increase or decrease the match between an organism and its environment
  • Natural selection does not fashion perfect organisms
  • Evolution is limited by historical constraints
  • Adaptation is an act on existing variation
  • Compromises are necessary
  • Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact

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