Principles of research

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine (EBVM)?

To rely solely on clinical experience for decision-making
To use only owner preferences when choosing treatments
To integrate the best available scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and client perspectives (correct)
To avoid using scientific literature in veterinary practice

Which of the following is NOT a component of Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine?

Best research evidence
Clinical expertise
Client perspectives
Personal opinions without scientific backing (correct)

How does clinical expertise contribute to EBVM?

It replaces the need for research evidence
It helps veterinarians grow their knowledge throughout their careers (correct)
It ensures that only the most expensive treatments are used
It discourages adapting treatments based on patient needs

Why is it important to consider client perspectives in EBVM?

Veterinary treatments must align with the owner’s beliefs, budget, and legal considerations (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the EBVM decision-making process, what must veterinarians do after acquiring scientific evidence?

Appraise its quality and relevance before applying it in practice (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the EBVM process?

Ask → Acquire → Appraise → Apply → Assess (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the "Assess" step in the EBVM process?

To evaluate the impact of implemented evidence on clinical outcomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the correct characteristic/definition

Ask = Defining a clinical question Acquire = Finding the best available evidence Appraise = Assessing the quality of the relevant evidence Apply = Implementing the evidence into clinical practice Signup and view all the answers

What determines the appropriate study design for research?

The nature of the research question, goal, and available resources (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable in a study?

A measurable attribute that varies across study units (B) Signup and view all the answers

In research terminology, what does the term “exposure” refer to?

The risk factor whose effect is being studied (A) Signup and view all the answers

When does an exposure qualify as a causative variable?

When it precedes the outcome (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a descriptive (non-analytical) study?

Collects and describes data on characteristics of a group without testing relationships (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a descriptive study?

Randomized controlled trial (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes analytical studies from descriptive studies?

Analytical studies attempt to test a hypothesis and assess causal relationships (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an observational study characteristic?

Exposure has already been determined naturally or by external factors (B) Signup and view all the answers

An analytical study type can be observational or interventional

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

In an experimental study, what is the primary characteristic?

Researchers actively assign some participants to receive a treatment or intervention (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of randomization in experimental studies?

To ensure that subjects are assigned to groups in a non-biased way (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of study hierarchy based on reliability?

Randomized > Non-randomized (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of a double-blinded study?

Both the researcher and the subject are unaware of group allocation, reducing bias (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest level of blinding in a study?

Triple-blinded (C) Signup and view all the answers

A blinded study is when a researcher or ______ are not aware of the variables

Subject Signup and view all the answers

A double blinded study is more reliable than a triple blinded study

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Animals can not be blinded, but their owners can

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a prospective study?

The study follows a cohort over time to observe outcomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study consults past data and does not follow a cohort over time?

Retrospective study (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

It measures exposure and outcomes at a single point in time (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a longitudinal study?

It continuously follows individuals over time with repeated observations (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which study design is usually prospective and observational, following exposed and unexposed groups over time?

Cohort study (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a case-control study, how are participants grouped?

They are grouped based on whether they have a disease (cases) or do not (controls) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies is retrospective and observational, comparing past exposures between diseased and non-diseased individuals?

Case-control study (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

It evaluates disease prevalence at a single point in time (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a case study from a case series?

Case studies describe a single case, while case series describe multiple similar cases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of a case study?

It does not involve random allocation of participants (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a systematic review?

To rigorously summarize the best available research addressing a specific question (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a meta-analysis?

It statistically combines results from multiple similar studies (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does a scoping review differ from a systematic review?

A scoping review maps literature without producing a summary answer for clinical decisions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a critically appraised literature review?

It is a shorter and less rigorous summary of research relevant to a focused question (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes expert opinion in evidence-based practice?

It is useful when no research data is available on a topic (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a scoping review?

To comprehensively map the existing body of literature on a (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a meta-analysis provide stronger evidence than an individual study?

It combines data from multiple studies to provide a higher level of evidence (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which study type is best suited for answering a specific clinical question using the highest level of evidence?

Systematic review (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is expert opinion most useful in research?

When no research evidence is available for a new treatment or condition (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes a systematic review from a critically appraised literature review?

A systematic review explicitly states its methods and is more rigorous (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

EBVM's Primary Goal

Integrate best scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and client perspectives.

Clinical Expertise

It helps veterinarians grow their knowledge throughout their careers