Evidence-Based Practice and Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

  • Conscientious use of the best current evidence in decision making (correct)
  • Reliance on traditional practices
  • Ignoring scientific studies to focus on anecdotal evidence
  • Using only personal experiences to guide decisions

    • The four elements of foreground questions are PICOS.

    False

    What are the five steps of the scientific method?

    Problem, Hypothesis, Procedure, Analyze, Conclusion

    The Nuremberg Code was created to ensure _____ in medical research.

    <p>informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for science to be empirical?

    <p>Obtaining answers through observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Objective science allows researchers’ biases to influence study outcomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis?

    <p>An idea or explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point for a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do demand characteristics in research studies refer to?

    <p>They influence participants to respond in ways they think researchers want.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sample must always include every member of the population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'population' in the context of research.

    <p>A population is the entire group of individuals that a researcher is interested in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a sample is not ___________, it can lead to biased results.

    <p>representative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research designs with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Descriptive = Examines individual variables Correlational = Examines relationships between two or more variables Experimental = Compares two or more groups/sets of scores Quasi-experimental = Similar to experimental but lacks random assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following threats is NOT considered a common threat to internal validity?

    <p>Sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External validity ensures the findings of a study can be generalized to other settings and groups.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one explanation for a result that helps in establishing internal validity?

    <p>Single unambiguous explanation for the relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of validity is demonstrated when scores obtained from a new measure correlate positively with scores from an established measure?

    <p>Concurrent validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bathroom scale that consistently shows the same weight is valid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define test-retest reliability.

    <p>The consistency of scores when the same test is administered on multiple occasions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ validity requires that the scores obtained from a measurement procedure behave exactly the same as the variable itself.

    <p>Construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the scale of measurement with its example:

    <p>Nominal = Gender Ordinal = Education level Interval = Temperature Ratio = Number of stutters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between interval and ratio scales?

    <p>Ratio has a true zero, while interval has an arbitrary zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ceiling effect occurs when scores cluster at the high end of a measurement scale, making it difficult to show differences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of results would establish concurrent validity for a new test in measuring receptive language?

    <p>A positive correlation trend between the new test scores and established measures on a scatter plot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics?

    <p>To provide basic information about variables and highlight relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The null hypothesis indicates that there is a change or difference in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a p-value of less than 0.05 indicate?

    <p>There is less than a 5% chance that the results occurred by chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohen's d is a measure of the __________ of an observed effect.

    <p>magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statistical terms with their definitions:

    <p>Descriptive Statistics = Summarizes and describes data Inferential Statistics = Makes inferences about a population Effect Size = Magnitude of an observed effect Null Hypothesis = No relationship or effect stated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a single-case research study to qualify as an experiment?

    <p>Manipulation of the independent variable and control of extraneous variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual inspection of graphs is used to evaluate the results in a single-case study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to a single-case design consisting of the following four phases in the order given: baseline, treatment, baseline, treatment?

    <p>ABA design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a systematic review?

    <p>To review and summarize available evidence on a topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meta-analysis is a type of systematic review that generates qualitative data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should supersede a patient's preference in clinical decision-making?

    <p>The ethical principles of autonomy and beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a traditional literature review, decisions about which studies to include are made by the _________.

    <p>author</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reviews with their descriptions:

    <p>Systematic Review = Summarizes all available evidence on a topic Meta-Analysis = Statistically combines results to produce an overall effect Traditional Literature Review = Decisions made by the author regarding studies Effective Evidence-Based Practice = Primarily honors patient preferences among effective options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a systematic review?

    <p>Qualitative analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a meta-analysis, average effect size can be adjusted by sample size.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information may be necessary for conducting a meta-analysis?

    <p>Adequate information from original studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

    • The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions
    • Important due to ethical considerations

    The Scientific Method

    • Five steps:
      • Problem identification
      • Hypothesis formulation
      • Procedure execution
      • Data analysis
      • Conclusion drawing

    Science Characteristics

    • Empirical: Based on observations and evidence
    • Public: Information is shared for review and evaluation
    • Objective: Minimizes researcher bias and beliefs

    Hypothesis Definition

    • An idea or explanation based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for a potential study or experiment.

    Elements of a Foreground Question (PICO)

    • Patient, population, or problem: Who or what is being studied?
    • Intervention, treatment: What is being tested or evaluated?
    • Comparison: What is the intervention being compared to?
    • Outcome: What is the desired change or result?

    Research Paper Sections & Information

    • Methods: Participant details and characteristics
    • Introduction: Research rationale and background
    • Results: Statistical significance of the findings
    • Discussion: Study limitations and future research directions

    Nuremberg Code

    • Created after World War II in response to unethical medical experiments on individuals.
    • Emphasizes informed consent, safety, researcher qualifications, and benefits.

    Ethical Concerns in Research

    • Informed consent
    • Privacy and confidentiality
    • Potential harm to participants
    • Research misconduct

    Types of Validity

    • Concurrent Validity: A new measure's scores are strongly related to scores from an established measure of the same variable.
    • Predictive Validity: Scores from a measure accurately predict behavior according to a theory.
    • Construct Validity: Scores from a measurement procedure behave as the variable itself, with evidence accumulating from multiple studies.

    Reliability Definitions

    • Test-Retest Reliability: Consistency of scores from the same test administered on different occasions.
    • Inter-Rater Reliability: Agreement between multiple observers using different tests to measure the same thing.

    Concurrent Validity Example

    • To establish concurrent validity, a new receptive language test should show a strong positive correlation with scores from an established receptive language measure.

    Scales of Measurement

    • Nominal: Qualitative categories (e.g., gender)
    • Ordinal: Sequential categories with defined order (e.g., 1-5 rating scale)
    • Interval: Ordered categories with equal intervals, but an arbitrary zero point (e.g., temperature in Celsius)
    • Ratio: Ordered categories with equal intervals and a true zero point (e.g., number of stutters)

    Interval vs. Ratio Scales

    • Similarity: Both have ordered categories and equal intervals.
    • Difference: Interval scales have an arbitrary zero, while ratio scales have a true zero.

    Ceiling Effect

    • Occurs when everyone in a study scores very high, potentially indicating an insufficiently challenging task or an issue with the assessment tool.

    Demand Characteristics

    • Features of a study that cue participants about the purpose of the research, leading them to act or respond in ways that may not reflect their true behavior.

    Population vs. Sample

    • Population: The entire group of interest.
    • Sample: A subset of the population that is studied.
    • The sample should be representative of the population to allow for generalizability.

    Biased Samples

    • Occurs when a sample is not representative of the population, potentially leading to inaccurate findings.

    Research Design Categories

    • Descriptive: Examines individual variables.
    • Correlational: Examines relationships between two or more variables.
    • Experimental, quasi-experimental, or nonexperimental: Examines relationships between variables by comparing groups or sets of scores.

    Internal Validity

    • The degree to which a study provides a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between the variables being studied.

    Threats to Internal Validity

    • Environmental variables: External factors that can influence outcomes (e.g., time of day, room temperature).
    • Individual differences: Participant characteristics that vary (e.g., age, gender).
    • Time-related variables: Influences over time (e.g., practice effects, maturation).

    External Validity

    • The degree to which a study's findings can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times.

    Descriptive Statistics

    • Summarize and describe data sets.
    • Different statistics are used depending on the level of measurement.

    Inferential Statistics

    • Draw conclusions about a population based on a sample.

    Null Hypothesis

    • A statement about the population that indicates there is no effect, change, difference, or relationship between variables.

    Alternative Hypothesis

    • The research hypothesis that proposes an effect, change, difference, or relationship.

    Significance Level (p-value)

    • The probability of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis were true.
    • Generally, p < .05 indicates statistically significant results, suggesting that the observed results are unlikely due to chance.

    Effect Size

    • A standardized measure of the magnitude of an observed effect.
    • Provides information about the practical importance of the findings beyond statistical significance.

    Single-Case Research Designs

    • Use data from one participant to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
    • Require manipulation of the independent variable and strict control of extraneous variables.
    • Visual inspection of graphs is used to evaluate results.

    Single-Case Design Phases

    • Baseline: Observing behavior before the treatment is introduced.
    • Treatment: Implementing the treatment.
    • Baseline: Observing behavior after the treatment is withdrawn.
    • Treatment: Reintroducing the treatment to confirm the effects.

    Systematic Reviews

    • A comprehensive review of all relevant research on a specific topic.
    • Use a standardized procedure for searching literature, operationalized inclusion/exclusion criteria, and multiple reviewers to ensure reliability.

    Meta-Analyses

    • A type of systematic review that combines quantitative data from multiple studies to calculate an overall effect size.
    • Provides a more precise estimate of the overall effect and can help resolve conflicting findings across studies.

    Traditional Literature Reviews

    • Author-driven, with decisions about which studies to review and what findings are relevant being made by the author.
    • Can be biased by the author's perspective.

    Patient Preference in EBP

    • Patient preference is highly valued in clinical decision making.
    • Informed patients should have the primary say in their treatment, unless there is compelling evidence that one approach is significantly superior to others.

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    Critical Eval Study Guide Fall24 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and the Scientific Method, including their processes and ethical considerations. Understand the characteristics of science and how to formulate and evaluate hypotheses using the PICO framework. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of research methodologies.

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