Everyday Urbanism Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic of Everyday Urbanism emphasizes ordinary life rather than idealistic visions?

  • Futuristic
  • Non-Utopian (correct)
  • Over-Scaled
  • Fragmented

Which aspect distinguishes New Urbanism from Everyday Urbanism?

  • Time Focus (correct)
  • Scale
  • Design Approach
  • User Demographics

What is the primary value emphasized by Everyday Urbanism?

  • Sustainability
  • Beauty
  • Community (correct)
  • Individualism

Everyday Urbanism promotes which of the following interactions?

<p>Organic and vibrant public interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Everyday Urbanism?

<p>Planned Perfection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of urban planning, what does 'permeability' refer to?

<p>Ease of movement and accessibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Everyday Urbanism critique about Post Urbanism?

<p>Its monumentality and expense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is crucial for fostering urban revitalization?

<p>Citizen Participation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical purpose did many cities serve in their original design?

<p>Defense and protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of urban design does the concept of 'the social stroll' emphasize?

<p>Encouraging social interactions through public spaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do maps placed on sidewalks contribute to urban environments?

<p>Improve navigation and safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the 'urban village' metaphor differ from traditional urban planning approaches?

<p>It emphasizes individual unique details rather than grand visions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do playgrounds play in city design according to the discussed principles?

<p>They integrate into residential and commercial zones for safety and accessibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is mentioned as impacting the social fabric of a city negatively?

<p>Urban sprawl and transportation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of neighborhood gateways in urban design?

<p>They help create identity and enhance community spirit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can urban designers encourage children to play safely in cities?

<p>By integrating playgrounds and open areas into various city zones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main causes of suburban sprawl?

<p>Suburbanization post-WWII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs)?

<p>Mixed-use communities centered around transit stops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of New Urbanism?

<p>To emphasize social equity and community integration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Planned Urban Developments (PUDs)?

<p>Integration of commercial, office, and residential areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Post Urbanism?

<p>Techno-Centric design reflecting the virtual world (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are significant effects of suburban sprawl?

<p>Independent suburban realms and traffic issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design approach emphasizes walkability and interconnected street networks?

<p>New Urbanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is emphasized in Traditional Neighborhood Developments (TNDs)?

<p>Well-connected streets and mixed-use spaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is NOT associated with New Urbanism?

<p>Automobile dependency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of New Urbanism?

<p>It can sometimes be seen as overly idealistic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of designing cities for public spaces?

<p>To enhance security and comfort for socialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the principles of urban design, what is meant by 'mixed-use neighborhoods'?

<p>Zones that house different types of activities, such as residential and commercial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) typically structure their communities?

<p>Grouped around transit stops with interconnected streets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does New Urbanism focus on to foster community bonds and social equity?

<p>Mixed-income housing and accessible amenities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches is NOT associated with the principles of New Urbanism?

<p>Promoting car-dependent urban planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key design element that New Urbanism incorporates for sustainability?

<p>Reuse of underutilized spaces and green spaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the automobile have on urban land use?

<p>Leads to land devoted to vehicles and related infrastructure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes cities growing outward from the Central Business District?

<p>Concentric Zone Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of privatization of public space?

<p>Replacement of traditional social spaces with private areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sector Model is characterized by urban growth aligned with what?

<p>Transportation lines and higher-income areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process where rundown areas experience physical improvements leading to increased property values?

<p>Gentrification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic model suggests that cities evolve around multiple nodes?

<p>Multiple Nuclei Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does decentralization have on urban populations?

<p>It encourages migration to peripheral regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key cause of lost space in urban areas?

<p>Urban Design Strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main focuses of the Rebuilding Rome project led by Domenico Fontana?

<p>Efficient pedestrian movement between Christian churches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which urban renewal initiative was notably driven by the steel industry?

<p>Pittsburgh Renewal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant outcome resulted from the Cheonggyecheon Stream revitalization in Seoul?

<p>Decreased vehicular traffic and air pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which project involved the conversion of a railway into an elevated park in Paris?

<p>Coulée Verte René Dumont (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major feature of urban renewal projects in the 20th century?

<p>Demolition of old structures for new developments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of urban planning did Baron Haussmann prioritize during the Rebuilding of Paris?

<p>Demolition of unhealthy neighborhoods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is a characteristic of the High Line project in New York City?

<p>Conversion of an abandoned rail line into a public park (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lasting impact is associated with the urban renewal projects of the 1950s and 60s in Boston?

<p>The Big Dig infrastructure project (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lost Space

Underutilized or unused urban areas resulting from poor planning practices.

Automobile's Impact on Urban Form

The automobile has significantly influenced urban layout by increasing the need for roads, highways, and parking spaces. This leads to a greater focus on car-centric infrastructure and decreased space for other uses.

Modern Movement & Urban Form

The Modern Movement emphasized abstract ideals, often resulting in isolated buildings and disconnected spaces. High-rise towers and malls disrupt the continuity of existing urban fabric.

Zoning Policies and Lost Space

Separating different land uses through zoning can create unused spaces between districts. Cluster zoning, concentrating development in one area, can overwhelm surrounding neighborhoods.

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Concentric Zone Model

This model describes cities growing outward from a central business district (CBD), with zones of decreasing socioeconomic status moving outward.

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Sector Model

This model demonstrates urban growth and development along transportation lines and towards higher-income areas.

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Multiple Nuclei Model

This model illustrates how cities evolve around multiple centers or nodes, influenced by factors such as activity requirements, cohesion, and cost constraints.

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Urban Realms Model

This model emphasizes the emergence of self-sufficient, suburban sectors in cities, often connected by highways and with less reliance on the central city.

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Urban Village

A city design approach focusing on small, impactful details to create a comfortable and vibrant community, emphasizing localized interactions over grand visions.

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The Chance Encounter

The idea that accidental meetings in a city foster creativity and vibrancy, emphasizing the value of spontaneous interactions.

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Social Stroll

Walking in public spaces designed to encourage casual interaction and observation, fostering a sense of community.

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Neighborhood Gateway

A distinct entry point to a neighborhood that creates a sense of place and strengthens community spirit.

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Build at Child Scale

Designing spaces that accommodate children's needs and perspectives, ensuring safe and engaging environments.

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Place Playgrounds Strategically

Positioning playgrounds in key areas, such as shopping districts, residential zones, and restaurants, to encourage play and community interaction.

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Natural Surveillance

Designing spaces to increase visibility and deter crime by maximizing natural lines of sight.

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Territoriality

Creating a sense of ownership and belonging in public spaces, reducing crime through community involvement and vigilance.

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New Urbanism (NU)

A utopian planning approach focused on creating walkable, diverse, and sustainable communities by combining historical precedents with contemporary practices.

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Post Urbanism (PU)

A style of urbanism reflecting the influence of globalization and technology, characterized by innovation and abstract designs.

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Traffic Calming Strategies

Techniques used to reduce traffic speed and improve pedestrian safety, such as narrower roads, raised crosswalks, and shorter blocks.

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Pedestrian-Friendly Environments

Urban spaces designed to prioritize and enhance walking safety and comfort, creating a sense of community and connection.

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Mixed-Use Neighborhoods

Areas where living, working, shopping, and entertainment are integrated, encouraging walkability and a diverse community.

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Infill Development

Redeveloping underutilized urban areas by creating new buildings and spaces within existing neighborhoods, promoting density and sustainability.

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Social Equity

The principle of providing equal access to resources and opportunities for all members of a community, often achieved through mixed-income housing and accessible public amenities.

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Sustainable Practices

Using resources efficiently and minimizing environmental impact through green spaces, reuse of existing structures, and integration of nature into urban design.

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Over-Scaled Urbanism

A design approach that prioritizes monumental structures, potentially neglecting usability and real-world needs.

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Fragmented Urbanism

Acknowledges the diversity and sometimes conflicting values within a fragmented urban environment.

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Futuristic Urbanism

Marketing itself with a forward-looking, often idealistic vision of the future.

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Everyday Urbanism: Definition

A non-utopian approach to urban design that emphasizes real, everyday life and existing conditions, prioritizing adaptable and responsive solutions.

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Everyday Urbanism: Culture-Driven

Recognizing the role of community culture in shaping urban spaces, rather than relying solely on formal design principles.

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Everyday Urbanism: Street-Centric

Encourages residents to extend their private spaces into the public realm, fostering a vibrant and engaging street life.

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Everyday Urbanism vs. New Urbanism

New Urbanism focuses on planned perfection and order while Everyday Urbanism acknowledges and embraces the organic, sometimes chaotic nature of urban spaces.

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Everyday Urbanism vs. Post-Urbanism

Post-Urbanism often leans towards extravagant and monumental designs while Everyday Urbanism focuses on practicality and responsiveness to real-world needs.

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Urban Renewal

Demolishing old structures and replacing them with new developments, aiming to upgrade slums and reorganize economic activities.

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Eminent Domain

The government's legal right to take private property for public use, even if the owner doesn't want to sell.

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Gentrification

The transformation of a neighborhood, often resulting in rising property values and the displacement of original residents.

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Redevelopment

Modernizing a city's infrastructure and land use to improve functionality and create a better environment.

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Urban Regeneration

Enhancing a city's functionality and aesthetics, including improving public spaces and revitalizing old areas.

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Pittsburgh Renewal

An example of 20th-century urban renewal driven by the steel industry, involving riverfront development and the displacement of the Lower Hill District.

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Cheonggyecheon Stream

A revitalized stream in Seoul, South Korea, that was once covered but is now a green space, reducing traffic and pollution.

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High Line

A former railway line in New York City transformed into a public park with natural vegetation and community engagement.

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Suburban Sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding countryside, characterized by low-density housing, car dependency, and environmental degradation.

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Causes of Suburban Sprawl

Factors driving suburban sprawl include industrialization, the rise of automobiles, developer ambitions, and post-WWII migration patterns.

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Effects of Suburban Sprawl

Sprawl results in car-dominated landscapes, traffic congestion, social segregation, and environmental damage.

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Planned Urban Developments (PUDs)

Multi-use developments integrating residential, commercial, and office areas with a focus on coordinated design and community living.

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Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

Mixed-use communities centered around transit stops, encouraging walking and public transportation.

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Traditional Neighborhood Developments (TNDs)

Towns designed with traditional principles like walkability, mixed-use areas, and integrated amenities, focusing on community and pedestrian experience.

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New Urbanism

An urban design movement promoting walkable blocks, diverse housing, accessible public spaces, and sustainability.

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Why is urban design important?

Designing cities that are comfortable, secure, and encourage social interaction in public spaces aims to improve quality of life and create a sense of community.

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Study Notes

Urban Form & Function

  • Poor planning practices lead to underutilized urban spaces (Lost Space).
  • Economic factors influence urban growth and design.
  • Natural processes impact urban form.
  • Socio-cultural, economic, and political elements shape urban form.

Lost Space

Key Causes

  • The Automobile: Urban areas dedicate significant land to vehicles (roads, highways, parking). Supporting infrastructure (gas stations, auto shops) is a factor too.
  • The Modern Movement: Abstract ideals of detached buildings and spaces lead to disconnection. High-rise buildings and malls often disrupt urban continuity.
  • Zoning Policies: Isolation of functions creates lost spaces between districts. Cluster zoning can isolate developments and create issues.
  • Privatization of Public Space: Traditional social spaces may be replaced by private recreation areas.
  • Changing Land Use: Changing how urban spaces are used can lead to the neglect of inner-city areas.

Economic Models

  • Concentric Zone Model (Burgess): Cities grow outward from the Central Business District (CBD). A "grey" zone may develop for future expansion.
  • Sector Model (Hoyt): Growth often occurs along transportation lines and higher income areas. Higher income areas attract businesses (banks, offices).
  • Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman): Cities evolve around multiple nodes; influenced by factors such as activity requirements (e.g., waterfront docks).

Urban Ecology

Processes

  • Invasion: New populations or facilities move into existing areas.
  • Centralization: Population increases in central locations. Activities such as government, economics, and education cluster in city centers.
  • Decentralization: Migration to the outskirts of the city, often due to increased activity in the centers.
  • Block Boosting: Changes due to social/racial factors influence property values in formerly neglected areas.
  • Gentrification: Investment improves property values, often at the expense of lower-income residents.

City Functions

  • Economic: Cities function as hubs for production and marketplaces (historically located near trade routes or harbors).
  • Defense & Protection: Historically built for security concerns.
  • Worship & Governance: Ancient cities were often formed around religious structures; centers of governance.
  • Transportation: Shapes the physical extent and societal characteristics of cities.
  • Education: Cities are centers of knowledge.
  • Cultural: Heritage and artistry in urban areas.
  • Housing: Changes to housing patterns influence urban spaces and development.

City Comforts

  • Emphasizes the "urban village" over large-scale visions and prioritizes small-scale comfort and vibrancy.
  • Chance Encounter: Accidental encounters are key to city life's stimulation.
  • Encouraging Social Interactions: Creates spaces and opportunities for social interactions.
  • Design for Strolling: Design public spaces to encourage social interaction.
  • Support Activities: Public spaces are essential for community interaction.
  • Knowing Where You Are: Designing for wayfinding and navigation in cities.
  • Children in the City: Designing spaces with child needs in mind.

Feeling Safe

  • Natural Surveillance: "Eyes on the street" concept promotes safety.
  • Open Storefront: Open windows and activity attract people.
  • Engage Walkers: Make storefronts interesting.
  • Visible Safety Measures: Police visibility encourages safety.
  • Little Necessities: Public spaces for essential needs like toilets and drinking water contribute to a sense of security and community.
  • Smoothing Edges: Transition spaces to promote friendliness and a sense of safety.
  • Soften Walls: Uses design to ease transitions between spaces.
  • Reclaim Parking Lots: Returning parking lots to more useful spaces like parks, for pedestrians and/or greenery.

Waste Not, Want Not

  • Utilizing Underused Spaces: Convert spaces like alleys into retail spaces, or parks, for more activity.
  • Recycling: Encourage easier recycling.

Getting Around

  • Traffic Calming: Decreasing traffic to create more space for pedestrians.
  • Promote Walkability: Improved walking spaces and design are crucial.
  • Encourage Biking: More options for cyclists.

Art in the City

  • Encourages art to enhance public spaces and stimulate creativity.

Emerging Theories

  • Suburban Sprawl: Causes include industrial revolution, automobile development, and post-WWII mortgage patterns. Effects include low-density, unplanned urban spread, loss of traditional urban values.
  • Planned Urban Development (PUD): Multi-use areas like commercial, office, and residential. Cluster zoning enables flexibility, comprehensive design and coordinated development.
  • Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Mixed-use development around public transit hubs (600-700 meters). Includes residential, retail etc. The TOD model is centered on transportation networks and promotes walkable spaces.
  • Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND): Walkability, mixed land uses, and a focus on community with access to stores, public services, and meeting places.

Urban Revitalization

  • Key Concepts: Includes urban renewal (improving degraded areas), redevelopment (modernizing infrastructure), urban regeneration (improving functionality/aesthetics), and gentrification (transforming neighborhoods, sometimes displacing residents).
  • Examples: Rebuilding Rome (Fontana), Rebuilding Paris (Haussmann).
  • 20th Century Urban Renewal: Aims to upgrade slums through demolition, building of new structures, relocation of people and economic development. Specific examples include Pittsburgh and Boston.

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Description

Test your understanding of Everyday Urbanism and its principles compared to New Urbanism. This quiz covers key characteristics, critiques, and concepts related to urban planning and social interactions in urban environments. Challenge your knowledge on how cities are designed to promote ordinary life over idealistic visions.

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