Everyday Memory Chapter 8

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@IdealArtNouveau

Study Notes

Autobiographical memory involves personal experiences
Transition points mark significant changes in life
Reminiscence Bump is a period in which individuals recall more memories from their adolescence and young adulthood.
Self-image Theory suggests reminiscence bump because of life structuring
Cognitive Theory proposes reminiscence bump due to encoding quality
Cultural Life Script Theory suggests life events shape reminiscence
Role of emotion in memory is significant - emotions enhance memory encoding
Flashbulb memories are more confidently reported; however, they are not necessarily more accurate
Source monitoring is how we determine the origin of our memories
Constructive nature of memory means memories are reconstructed, not replayed
Cryptoamnesia is a form of unconscious plagiarism
Schemas and scripts guide memory construction
Retroactive interference is when new information interferes with old memories
Misleading post-event information can create false memories
False memories can be distortions or fabricated memories

Definitional approach to categorization uses definitions to classify
Prototype approach categorizes based on typical features
Exemplar approach uses existing examples to categorize
Why are categories important? Categories help organize and understand information
Hierarchy of categorization orders categories from broad to specific
Super-ordinate level is the most general category
Basic level is a common category
Sub-ordinate level is the most specific level
Role of experience influences categorization
Semantic Networks use nodes and links to represent relationships
Nodes represent concepts in the network
Cognitive economy is finding efficient ways to link concepts
Lexical decision task is a task to categorize words
Spreading activation within networks enhances access to related concepts

Classical vs behaviorist vs cognitive view of language: Different perspectives discuss how language develops and functions
Generative aspect of language: Language has the capacity for producing novel sentences

Levels of analysis: phoneme, morpheme, words, phrases, sentences, discourse
What makes human speech unique? Categorical perception
Why is language not a stream of phonemes? Coarticulation
Dialects and phonemes: variations in language
McGurk Effect exemplifies audio-visual integration in speech perception
Phonemic restoration effect fills in missing speech sounds
Hierarchical models: organize language components
Syntax and grammar: rules governing word order and sentence structure
Word-chain grammar describes how words build upon each other
Chomsky's colorless green ideas...: Illustrates grammatical structure
Surface vs Deep Structure are different levels of language structure
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a hypothetical mental structure for language learning
Specialized language production: Specialized processes in language creation
Critical periods: sensitive time frames for language development
Stages of speech production: cooing, babbling, one-word, two-word, basic adult sentences
Phoneme specialization: development of specific sounds
Overgeneralization: applying grammatical rules too broadly
Perception before production: learning to hear before producing
Wug study: illustrated how children acquire grammatical rules
Bilingualism (Single vs dual system): different ways of acquiring multiple languages
ISN- Nicaraguan school children: Children naturally created a new language in school

Selective Language Impairment (SLI): condition with language difficulties
Aphasia- Wernicke's and Broca's only: impairments of language processing due to damage to Wernicke's or Broca's area.
Hemispheric specialization for language: One hemisphere (typically left) is more involved in language processing.
Brain lesions left hemisphere: Brain damage in the left hemisphere can result in language problems.