Podcast
Questions and Answers
What theory suggests that our self-image influences the memories we recall from our past?
What theory suggests that our self-image influences the memories we recall from our past?
- Cultural Life Script Theory
- Constructive Memory Theory
- Cognitive Theory
- Self-image Theory (correct)
Which of the following best describes 'flashbulb memories'?
Which of the following best describes 'flashbulb memories'?
- Memories that lack confidence in recall
- Memories that evoke strong emotions (correct)
- Memories that are always accurate
- Memories that are constructed from schemas
What is the primary focus of the prototype approach in categorization?
What is the primary focus of the prototype approach in categorization?
- The average or ideal member of a category (correct)
- Specific examples of categories
- Categories defined strictly by rules
- Hierarchical relationship of categories
In the context of language acquisition, what does the term 'overgeneralization' refer to?
In the context of language acquisition, what does the term 'overgeneralization' refer to?
Which aspect of language processing is highlighted by the McGurk Effect?
Which aspect of language processing is highlighted by the McGurk Effect?
Which level of semantic networks refers to the most general category?
Which level of semantic networks refers to the most general category?
What defines the 'critical period' in language acquisition?
What defines the 'critical period' in language acquisition?
Which type of aphasia is characterized by difficulty in speech production but relatively preserved comprehension?
Which type of aphasia is characterized by difficulty in speech production but relatively preserved comprehension?
Flashcards
Autobiographical Memory
Autobiographical Memory
Memory for events and facts in a person's life; personal experiences and recollections.
Prototype Approach
Prototype Approach
Categorizing objects based on a 'best example' or prototype of the category.
Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb Memories
Detailed and seemingly vivid memories of highly emotional events, but not necessarily accurate.
Semantic Networks
Semantic Networks
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Source Monitoring
Source Monitoring
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Phonemes
Phonemes
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Critical Period
Critical Period
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Wernicke's aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia
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Study Notes
Everyday Memory (Chapter 8)
- Autobiographical memory involves personal experiences
- Transition points mark significant changes in life
- Reminiscence Bump is a period in which individuals recall more memories from their adolescence and young adulthood.
- Self-image Theory suggests reminiscence bump because of life structuring
- Cognitive Theory proposes reminiscence bump due to encoding quality
- Cultural Life Script Theory suggests life events shape reminiscence
- Role of emotion in memory is significant - emotions enhance memory encoding
- Flashbulb memories are more confidently reported; however, they are not necessarily more accurate
- Source monitoring is how we determine the origin of our memories
- Constructive nature of memory means memories are reconstructed, not replayed
- Cryptoamnesia is a form of unconscious plagiarism
- Schemas and scripts guide memory construction
- Retroactive interference is when new information interferes with old memories
- Misleading post-event information can create false memories
- False memories can be distortions or fabricated memories
Knowledge Chapter 9
- Definitional approach to categorization uses definitions to classify
- Prototype approach categorizes based on typical features
- Exemplar approach uses existing examples to categorize
- Why are categories important? Categories help organize and understand information
- Hierarchy of categorization orders categories from broad to specific
- Super-ordinate level is the most general category
- Basic level is a common category
- Sub-ordinate level is the most specific level
- Role of experience influences categorization
- Semantic Networks use nodes and links to represent relationships
- Nodes represent concepts in the network
- Cognitive economy is finding efficient ways to link concepts
- Lexical decision task is a task to categorize words
- Spreading activation within networks enhances access to related concepts
Language Chapter 11
- Classical vs behaviorist vs cognitive view of language: Different perspectives discuss how language develops and functions
- Generative aspect of language: Language has the capacity for producing novel sentences
Dynamic Aspect of Language Perception and Production
- Levels of analysis: phoneme, morpheme, words, phrases, sentences, discourse
- What makes human speech unique? Categorical perception
- Why is language not a stream of phonemes? Coarticulation
- Dialects and phonemes: variations in language
- McGurk Effect exemplifies audio-visual integration in speech perception
- Phonemic restoration effect fills in missing speech sounds
- Hierarchical models: organize language components
- Syntax and grammar: rules governing word order and sentence structure
- Word-chain grammar describes how words build upon each other
- Chomsky's colorless green ideas...: Illustrates grammatical structure
- Surface vs Deep Structure are different levels of language structure
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a hypothetical mental structure for language learning
- Specialized language production: Specialized processes in language creation
- Critical periods: sensitive time frames for language development
- Stages of speech production: cooing, babbling, one-word, two-word, basic adult sentences
- Phoneme specialization: development of specific sounds
- Overgeneralization: applying grammatical rules too broadly
- Perception before production: learning to hear before producing
- Wug study: illustrated how children acquire grammatical rules
- Bilingualism (Single vs dual system): different ways of acquiring multiple languages
- ISN- Nicaraguan school children: Children naturally created a new language in school
Hydrocephalus and William's Syndrome
- Selective Language Impairment (SLI): condition with language difficulties
- Aphasia- Wernicke's and Broca's only: impairments of language processing due to damage to Wernicke's or Broca's area.
- Hemispheric specialization for language: One hemisphere (typically left) is more involved in language processing.
- Brain lesions left hemisphere: Brain damage in the left hemisphere can result in language problems.
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