Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which event took place in November 1917?
Which event took place in November 1917?
- Greece declares war on the Central Powers.
- The First Battle of Passchendaele takes place.
- The United States declares war on Germany.
- The Bolshevik Revolution takes place in Russia. (correct)
According to the timeline, which event took place first?
According to the timeline, which event took place first?
- United States declares war on Germany
- Greece declares war on the Central Powers
- Tsar Nicholas II abdicates (correct)
- Bolshevik Revolution
What event took place in April 1917, according to the timeline?
What event took place in April 1917, according to the timeline?
- Bolshevik Revolution
- Tsar Nicholas II abdicates
- Greece declares war on the Central Powers
- United States declares war on Germany (correct)
In which month did the First Battle of Passchendaele take place?
In which month did the First Battle of Passchendaele take place?
Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in Chapter Two?
Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in Chapter Two?
What is the main argument of the introduction to Chapter Two?
What is the main argument of the introduction to Chapter Two?
Which of the following events is NOT mentioned in the chapter contents?
Which of the following events is NOT mentioned in the chapter contents?
Which of the following is a key theme explored in Chapter Two?
Which of the following is a key theme explored in Chapter Two?
What was the main objective of the Dawes Plan?
What was the main objective of the Dawes Plan?
Which of these was NOT a direct consequence of the Dawes Plan?
Which of these was NOT a direct consequence of the Dawes Plan?
How did the Dawes Plan impact French-German relations?
How did the Dawes Plan impact French-German relations?
What role did Britain play in the Locarno Treaties?
What role did Britain play in the Locarno Treaties?
The passage mentions that the Dawes Plan revealed the United States' willingness to use "dollar diplomacy" to stabilize Europe. What does this phrase signify?
The passage mentions that the Dawes Plan revealed the United States' willingness to use "dollar diplomacy" to stabilize Europe. What does this phrase signify?
What was the significance of the Rhineland Pact signed at Locarno?
What was the significance of the Rhineland Pact signed at Locarno?
Which of these best describes the US role in European affairs after the Dawes Plan?
Which of these best describes the US role in European affairs after the Dawes Plan?
What was the primary focus of the Locarno Treaties in terms of European security?
What was the primary focus of the Locarno Treaties in terms of European security?
What was the primary motivation for Lloyd George's support of Wilson's League of Nations proposal?
What was the primary motivation for Lloyd George's support of Wilson's League of Nations proposal?
What was the difference in approach between the French and the Americans regarding the new international organization?
What was the difference in approach between the French and the Americans regarding the new international organization?
Which of the following features was not a part of the League of Nations Covenant as outlined in the text?
Which of the following features was not a part of the League of Nations Covenant as outlined in the text?
The text suggests that the League of Nations was primarily a result of:
The text suggests that the League of Nations was primarily a result of:
What was the primary aim of the three-month period of arbitration envisioned for international disputes?
What was the primary aim of the three-month period of arbitration envisioned for international disputes?
How did the League of Nations attempt to promote open diplomacy?
How did the League of Nations attempt to promote open diplomacy?
What was the League of Nations' primary weakness?
What was the League of Nations' primary weakness?
Which statement best describes the League of Nations as presented in the text?
Which statement best describes the League of Nations as presented in the text?
Which countries were considered the beneficiaries of the new territorial arrangements following WWI?
Which countries were considered the beneficiaries of the new territorial arrangements following WWI?
What was the purpose of the 'cordon sanitaire' put in place after WWI?
What was the purpose of the 'cordon sanitaire' put in place after WWI?
Which treaty prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, known as Anschluss?
Which treaty prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, known as Anschluss?
What was NOT included in the treaties modeled on Versailles?
What was NOT included in the treaties modeled on Versailles?
Which country benefited from astute lobbying and well-placed sympathizers among the peacemakers?
Which country benefited from astute lobbying and well-placed sympathizers among the peacemakers?
How did the Treaty of Riga impact Poland's territorial boundaries?
How did the Treaty of Riga impact Poland's territorial boundaries?
Which treaty, similar to the Treaty of Versailles, was signed with Turkey?
Which treaty, similar to the Treaty of Versailles, was signed with Turkey?
What was the main goal of the French in creating the 'cordon sanitaire'?
What was the main goal of the French in creating the 'cordon sanitaire'?
What was the primary reason for the widespread determination in Germany to undermine the Treaty of Versailles?
What was the primary reason for the widespread determination in Germany to undermine the Treaty of Versailles?
How did Weimar foreign policy attempt to influence the Allies' relationship?
How did Weimar foreign policy attempt to influence the Allies' relationship?
What did German politicians argue regarding the reparations imposed by the Reparations Commission?
What did German politicians argue regarding the reparations imposed by the Reparations Commission?
What was the main concern for European nations, particularly France, regarding reparations?
What was the main concern for European nations, particularly France, regarding reparations?
How could American debt forgiveness have potentially resolved the reparations issue?
How could American debt forgiveness have potentially resolved the reparations issue?
What was the main purpose of the 132 billion gold mark payment set by the Reparations Commission?
What was the main purpose of the 132 billion gold mark payment set by the Reparations Commission?
What is the argument made by historians about Germany's ability to pay reparations?
What is the argument made by historians about Germany's ability to pay reparations?
What was the danger for European nations regarding the cost of reconstruction?
What was the danger for European nations regarding the cost of reconstruction?
What was the primary diplomatic strategy employed by the Soviet Union in the post-World War I era, as outlined in the text?
What was the primary diplomatic strategy employed by the Soviet Union in the post-World War I era, as outlined in the text?
What was the significance of the Rapallo Treaty signed between the Soviet Union and Germany in 1922?
What was the significance of the Rapallo Treaty signed between the Soviet Union and Germany in 1922?
What was the main source of legitimacy for the Soviet regime?
What was the main source of legitimacy for the Soviet regime?
What can be inferred as the primary reason for the deep antipathy towards the Soviet Union felt by the Western powers, specifically London and Paris, as mentioned in the text?
What can be inferred as the primary reason for the deep antipathy towards the Soviet Union felt by the Western powers, specifically London and Paris, as mentioned in the text?
How did the Soviet Union's relationship with Germany, as described in the text, impact its relations with Western powers like Britain and France?
How did the Soviet Union's relationship with Germany, as described in the text, impact its relations with Western powers like Britain and France?
What was the main objective of the Soviet Union's "socialism in one country" policy, according to the text?
What was the main objective of the Soviet Union's "socialism in one country" policy, according to the text?
Which of the following best explains the Soviet Union's diplomatic posture towards the status quo as described in the text?
Which of the following best explains the Soviet Union's diplomatic posture towards the status quo as described in the text?
What was the nature of the military cooperation that developed between the Soviet Union and Germany after the Rapallo Treaty?
What was the nature of the military cooperation that developed between the Soviet Union and Germany after the Rapallo Treaty?
Flashcards
Democratic control of foreign policy
Democratic control of foreign policy
Radical demand for more public influence in foreign relations.
League of Nations
League of Nations
An international organization aimed at promoting peace after WWI.
Wilson's vision
Wilson's vision
A hope for a league to enforce peace through collective opinion.
Société des Nations
Société des Nations
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Covenant of the League
Covenant of the League
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Great Power management
Great Power management
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Collective action
Collective action
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Arbitration period
Arbitration period
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Cordon Sanitaire
Cordon Sanitaire
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Treaty of Saint-Germain
Treaty of Saint-Germain
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Anschluss
Anschluss
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Beneficiaries of WWI treaties
Beneficiaries of WWI treaties
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Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Trianon
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Disarmament clauses
Disarmament clauses
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Protection of minorities
Protection of minorities
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Treaty of Riga
Treaty of Riga
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Dawes Plan
Dawes Plan
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Charles Dawes
Charles Dawes
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Reparations Commission
Reparations Commission
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Locarno Pact
Locarno Pact
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Franco-German détente
Franco-German détente
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Rhineland Pact
Rhineland Pact
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Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
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Isolationist attitude
Isolationist attitude
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Versailles Treaty
Versailles Treaty
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Weimar foreign policy
Weimar foreign policy
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132 billion gold marks
132 billion gold marks
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Inflationary spiral
Inflationary spiral
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Franco-German reconciliation
Franco-German reconciliation
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American debt forgiveness
American debt forgiveness
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50 billion gold marks
50 billion gold marks
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Tsar Nicholas II
Tsar Nicholas II
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Bolshevik Revolution
Bolshevik Revolution
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First Battle of Passchendaele
First Battle of Passchendaele
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US declares war on Germany
US declares war on Germany
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Greece declares war
Greece declares war
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US declares war on Austria-Hungary
US declares war on Austria-Hungary
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President Wilson's Fourteen Points
President Wilson's Fourteen Points
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Peace is not merely the absence of war
Peace is not merely the absence of war
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Dual-track policy
Dual-track policy
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Socialism in one country
Socialism in one country
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Rapallo Treaty
Rapallo Treaty
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Diplomacy and Trade Agreements
Diplomacy and Trade Agreements
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Mutual cooperation
Mutual cooperation
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Technical know-how
Technical know-how
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Antipathy in London and Paris
Antipathy in London and Paris
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Revisionist alignment
Revisionist alignment
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Study Notes
European Stability, 1917-1929
- Peace is not simply the absence of war; it requires resolving the antagonisms that caused the war and addressing new conflicts arising from it.
- Armistice does not equal peace; diplomacy is necessary to translate battlefield victories into political settlements.
- No single recipe exists for achieving lasting peace; it can involve hegemony, deterrence, or a shared security community among states.
- Most successful international systems combine multiple elements such as common values and goals.
Introduction to the Search for European Stability, 1917-1929
- The chapter examines the period from the armistice of 1918 to 1929, analyzing the peacemaking process and subsequent attempts at European reconstruction.
- It analyzes the influence of Lenin and Wilson on the resolution of World War I.
- It investigates the reasons for the failure of the Paris peace settlement to create lasting stability.
- The focus shifts to examining the period from the occupation of the Rhineland in 1923 to the Locarno treaties of 1925 to understand the issues associated with peacemaking.
- The question posed is whether the détente of 1925-29 represented a sustainable pathway to peace or a temporary lull.
The 'New Diplomacy'
- Nineteenth-century diplomacy, characterized by alliances, secret treaties, and balance-of-power politics, was discredited by World War I.
- There were calls for stronger international laws, world courts, and a restructuring of international systems to resolve international competition.
- Radical solutions proposed transforming social, economic, and political structures to create a global community of working people.
- Leaders like Lenin and Wilson advocated for alternative approaches to international relations, emphasizing the need to resolve inter-state competition and address suppression of peoples and minority groups.
- Wilson's Fourteen Points and Lenin's Decree on Peace emphasized open diplomacy, self-determination, and a new international order.
The Armistice
- The initial break in the stalemate occurred on the home front in Russia, with the refusal of the Petrograd garrison to fire on strikers in March 1917 leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
- A dual authority emerged, comprising the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet, both initially committed to continuing the war.
- The Petrograd Soviet called for an end to the war without annexations or indemnities, based on national self-determination.
- The Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917 resulted in Russia's withdrawal from the war and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
- Germany's offensives in early 1918 aimed at breaking through the Allied lines, but the offensives failed, and by July 1918, Allied counter-attacks and increased American troop involvement reversed the situation.
The Paris Peace Settlement
- In January 1919, representatives from more than 30 Allied nations gathered at the Paris Peace Conference.
- The conferences were marked by administrative chaos and organizational improvisation.
- The major decisions were taken by the Council of Four (Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando).
- Lesser peace treaties were later negotiated with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
- Critiques of the Paris settlement include a lack of just settlement, pursuit of selfish national interests, and a failure to create a lasting peace.
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