Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary role of the 'shire-reeve' in early policing?
What was the primary role of the 'shire-reeve' in early policing?
Which system required every male over 12 years to form groups called tithings?
Which system required every male over 12 years to form groups called tithings?
The metropolitan police force established by Sir Robert Peel is significant because it was the first of its kind. What was one of its key principles?
The metropolitan police force established by Sir Robert Peel is significant because it was the first of its kind. What was one of its key principles?
Which innovation was introduced in early police departments in 1867 to enhance communication?
Which innovation was introduced in early police departments in 1867 to enhance communication?
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Who is recognized as the 'father of modern policing'?
Who is recognized as the 'father of modern policing'?
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What event during the industrial revolution made traditional policing ineffective?
What event during the industrial revolution made traditional policing ineffective?
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What distinguishing feature did the early Boston Police Department have?
What distinguishing feature did the early Boston Police Department have?
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What was the main concern of the FBI after its establishment in 1924?
What was the main concern of the FBI after its establishment in 1924?
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What was a primary negative effect of the technology era on community relations?
What was a primary negative effect of the technology era on community relations?
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Which era is associated with the creation of a bond between officers and community members?
Which era is associated with the creation of a bond between officers and community members?
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What distinguishes community policing from traditional policing?
What distinguishes community policing from traditional policing?
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What does the S.A.R.A model used in community policing stand for?
What does the S.A.R.A model used in community policing stand for?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with the police subculture?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the police subculture?
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What trend in police management focuses on employee participation?
What trend in police management focuses on employee participation?
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What is one key aspect of the 'community problem-solving era' in policing?
What is one key aspect of the 'community problem-solving era' in policing?
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Which term describes the traditional police model that is predominantly reactive?
Which term describes the traditional police model that is predominantly reactive?
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Study Notes
European Roots of American Policing
- Policing in America has its roots in Europe, specifically in systems like the "Hue and Cry" (required male citizens to form groups for law enforcement) and the Frankpledge System (organized tithings into hundreds, overseen by officials evolving into constables).
- The term "Sheriff" evolved from "shire-reeve," the king's representative for a shire (county). Sheriffs were responsible for maintaining order and often were incredibly corrupt.
The Watch System
- During the 17th and 18th centuries, a "watch system" emerged—able-bodied men took turns patrolling at night.
- This system had similarities to and was modeled after the earlier "hue and cry."
- Modern community watch groups are similar to the historical "watch" systems in terms of community participation in policing.
Industrial Revolution & Policing
- The Industrial Revolution led to significant changes in society, making older policing methods less effective.
- The "gin craze" (a period of high alcohol consumption) contributed to increased social disorder.
The Metropolitan Police of London
- The Metropolitan Police of London, in the 1800s , is considered the first modern police force.
- It led to important developments in policing around the world.
Sir Robert Peel and Policing Principles
- Sir Robert Peel, "father of policing," emphasized the importance of crime prevention, effective deployment of officers, transparency and gathering reliable statistics.
Colonial American Policing
- Colonial American policing adopted the English "watch and ward" system, functioning primarily on the "hue and cry" model.
- The "hue and cry" was the primary method of gathering the community to catch criminals.
Early Police Departments and Problems
- Boston Police Department was one of the first paid public safety departments in the U.S.
- Early departments faced challenges of political influence, reliance on foot patrols, and high corruption.
Early Police Reforms
- Reforms included the introduction of police uniforms, telephone systems (1867), and the first police cars (Akron, Ohio, 1910).
August Vollmer and Modern Policing
- August Vollmer (Berkeley, California Police) is considered the "father of modern policing."
- He stressed the importance of training and education for law enforcement officers.
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
- The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), founded by J. Edgar Hoover in 1924, initially focused on combating police corruption but later expanded their priorities.
- US Secret Service and US Marshals are also federal agencies with specific responsibilities.
History of Texas Policing
- Texas policing initially involved Mexican military security, with the Texas Rangers emerging as one of the first state police organizations.
- Texas law enforcement includes agencies like the Texas State Highway Patrol (dealing with licensing and road enforcement) and the Sheriff's office (with historical roots similar to the English Shire Reeve).
Officer Education and Reform Movements
- Influential bodies such as the Wickersham Commission (the first federal assessment of law enforcement) and the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1967) advocated for improved officer education and training mandates.
- The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (conducted surveys) and the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education (TCLEOSE) (1999 survey) have promoted more in-depth education.
History of Municipal Law Enforcement
- Spoils Era (pre-1900s): Government employees received jobs based on political connections (corruption); however, the era saw the beginning of community policing with officers walking the beat and community engagement.
- Reform Era (1900-1940s): Officers maintained a presence and connection with the community, creating ownership and a bond. August Vollmer (1930s) shaped modern policing. Technology (cars and radios) introduced challenges, distancing officers from the community.
- Technology Era (1950-1970s): Police patrol systems became incident-driven, reactive, instead of proactive, leading to reduced community engagement.
- Community/Problem-solving Era (1980s-now): Police formed partnerships with the community.
Traditional Police Model
- Reactive, Incident-Driven, Use of Stats: Traditional policing focused on responding to calls for service.
- Community Policing: An approach that promotes police-community partnerships and problem-solving.
- Community Relations: Improving community relations to build trust and understanding.
- Problem-Solving Strategies: Eliminate, reduce, design measures to handle a problem, remove from police concerns; and utilize S.A.R.A (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment)
Differences Between Traditional and Community Policing
- Traditional policing is reactive while Community Policing is proactive.
- Community policing stresses partnership, problem-solving, and positive community relations.
Formal Police Structure vs Police Subculture
- Formal Structure: Police departments are often paramilitary with a chain of command and ranks; top-down decision making; but trends toward "participative" management.
- Police Subculture: Suspicion, solidarity, conservatism, and secrecy among officers, leading to potential problems like stress compromising community involvement.
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Description
Explore the historical foundations of American policing with roots in European systems such as the Hue and Cry and the Watch System. Understand how policing has evolved from community participation to the complexities introduced by the Industrial Revolution. This quiz will test your knowledge of these pivotal developments.
