SOCIALISM AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION EASY

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Questions and Answers

What was one of the key ideas that emerged in Europe after the French Revolution?

  • The importance of social hierarchy
  • The importance of individual rights (correct)
  • The need for a strong monarchy
  • The necessity of maintaining traditional social structures

What was the main difference between liberals and conservatives in the 19th century?

  • Liberals wanted to maintain traditional power structures, while conservatives wanted radical change.
  • Liberals favored individual rights and limited government, while conservatives supported traditional hierarchies and strong authority. (correct)
  • Liberals supported a single religion for the nation, while conservatives wanted religious tolerance.
  • Liberals wanted a gradual change, while conservatives wanted a complete transformation.

What did liberals believe about religious tolerance?

  • They believed in discriminating in favour of one religion.
  • They believed in a nation that tolerated all religions. (correct)
  • They believed in the importance of a strong state-controlled religion.
  • They believed in maintaining the traditional power of the Church.

What did liberals believe regarding the power of dynastic rulers?

<p>They believed in safeguarding the rights of individuals against the government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution influence ideas about social change?

<p>It inspired discussions about individual rights and social power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the way the terms 'conservative', 'liberal', and 'radical' were used in the 19th century?

<p>They were used differently depending on the context and time period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons why new ideas about social change emerged in the 18th century?

<p>There was a growing desire for change and new ideas about social power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major distinction between the social order before the 18th century and the social order that some were advocating for after the French Revolution?

<p>The traditional social order was based on hierarchies and control by aristocracy, while the new social order proposed was based on equality and a wider distribution of power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the excerpt from Serge Schmemann's book, "Echoes of a Native Land"?

<p>The impact of the revolution on the lives of ordinary Russians, specifically in a Ukrainian village. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the commune established in the village in the Ukraine?

<p>To create a new social order based on communal ownership and shared resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the excerpt from Fedor Belov's account suggest about the implementation of “cooperative communism” in the village?

<p>It was a system of equal sharing of resources and labor despite individual differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the excerpt about the influence of the Russian Revolution in India?

<p>The Russian Revolution had a profound impact on India, influencing its political and intellectual landscape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the given information, which important Indian figures were specifically mentioned as having taken an interest in the Soviet experiment?

<p>Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these dates corresponds to the Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd?

<p>24th October 1917 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the date 1929 in the context of the Russian Revolution?

<p>It marks the beginning of collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The provided excerpt from Serge Schmemann's book suggests that the social landscape in the Ukrainian village is undergoing a significant transformation. What major event might be causing this transformation?

<p>The Tsar's abdication and the rise of a provisional government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the bad harvests in the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1933?

<p>One of the most devastating famines in Soviet history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1939, what was the fate of over 2 million people in the USSR?

<p>They were imprisoned or in labor camps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks encourage among colonial peoples?

<p>Follow their socialist experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one acknowledged issue within the USSR by the 1950s?

<p>The need for more freedoms for citizens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a method used for propaganda according to Alexander Shlyapnikov’s recount?

<p>Organized illegal meetings during breaks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Kirgiz people initially react to the February Revolution?

<p>With joy and hope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the feelings of the Kirgiz people towards the October Revolution according to M.N. Roy?

<p>Consternation and terror (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary desire of the 13-year-old worker in the letter to Kalinin?

<p>To pursue education despite limitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the policies and actions taken within the USSR during Stalin's regime?

<p>Political repression and loss of freedoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Soviet Union experience by the outbreak of the Second World War?

<p>Rise to global power status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did some socialists in other countries think about the Bolsheviks' approach to power?

<p>It was overly violent and dictatorial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence faced by professionals during the Stalin era?

<p>Forced confessions and executions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the USSR's reputation evolve by the end of the twentieth century?

<p>Its reputation as a socialist country had declined (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Comintern represent for pro-Bolshevik socialist parties?

<p>An international union of socialist parties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary consequence of the Bolsheviks' order for land redistribution?

<p>Desertion of soldiers returning home (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups primarily opposed the Bolshevik uprising?

<p>Socialists, liberals, and pro-Tsarists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Bolsheviks losing support from the peasantry during the Civil War?

<p>Implementation of collectivisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Bolshevik's economic policies in the early 1930s?

<p>Rapid construction of factory cities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Five Year Plans initiated by the Bolsheviks?

<p>To promote rapid industrial growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of collectivisation implemented by Stalin?

<p>Resistance and livestock destruction by peasants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Cheka, OGPU, and NKVD play in the Bolshevik state?

<p>Punishment of critics of the Bolsheviks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Stalin perceive the cause of grain shortages in the late 1920s?

<p>Because rich peasants were hoarding grain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks do with the industries and banks during the civil war?

<p>Kept them under state control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of Stalin's collectivisation plan?

<p>To eliminate the kulaks and modernise agriculture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did Bolsheviks face regarding non-Russian nationalities?

<p>Gaining complete allegiance from all groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the initial stages of industrial development, what was a significant issue workers faced?

<p>Rapid construction leading to poor working conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks demonstrate the potential benefits of collective work?

<p>Through the establishment of collective farms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable aspect of living conditions for workers in newly built factory cities?

<p>Harsh conditions with inadequate facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the majority religion in the Russian Empire in 1914?

<p>Russian Orthodox Christianity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Russian empire's population earned their living from agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century?

<p>85% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the rapid growth of industries in Russia in the 1890s?

<p>Expansion of the railway network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was NOT a prominent industrial area in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?

<p>Kiev (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the frequent strikes in the textile and metal industries in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>Disagreements with employers about working conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the relationship between Russian peasants and the nobility?

<p>Open hostility and resentment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished Russian peasants from peasants in other European countries?

<p>Their practice of communal land division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the formation of illegal political organizations in Russia before 1914?

<p>The government's suppression of political activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events is NOT considered a part of the Russian Revolution?

<p>The assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference in opinion between the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats regarding the peasants?

<p>The role of the peasantry in the socialist movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Russia in 1914?

<p>A strong industrial base throughout the country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Russian socialists believe Russia would become socialist more quickly than other countries?

<p>The existence of the commune system among peasants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was a key demand of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in Russia?

<p>The abolition of private land ownership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party operate despite being illegal?

<p>Through secret meetings and underground activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was considered the leading figure of the Social Democrats in Russia?

<p>Vladimir Lenin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's struggle for peasants' rights?

<p>It contributed to the growing discontent among peasants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the large-scale peasant insurrections in Ukraine during early 1930?

<p>Distortions of the Party's line and collectivisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences faced by peasants during the collectivisation process mentioned in the reports?

<p>Loss of livestock and tools due to tax debts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the arrival of the Indian visitor in Soviet Russia in 1920 characterize the social environment?

<p>There was a sense of equality and mingling among people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pivotal role did Marfa Vasileva play during the February Revolution?

<p>She single-handedly led a successful strike (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the reports, what was a common sentiment among the peasants regarding the October Revolution?

<p>It promised free land and an end to the war (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Rabindranath Tagore observe about Moscow compared to other European capitals?

<p>It reflected the presence and significance of the working class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the properties of peasants who failed to pay heavy taxes during collectivisation?

<p>They were transferred to collective farms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the government do in response to the mass insurrections in Ukraine?

<p>Conducted arrests and executions of dissenters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what year did the changes in the Russian calendar occur that affected the recognition of revolutions?

<p>1918 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the emotional state of the people in Soviet Russia as observed by the visiting Indian revolutionary?

<p>Filled with newfound confidence and joy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the social dynamics observed by the visitors in Soviet Russia?

<p>Different nationalities mingled freely without barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the reaction of landowners to the October Revolution?

<p>They were indifferent and did not react (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the peasant's letter reveal about the economic pressures faced during collectivisation?

<p>He faced debilitating tax burdens and property loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a visible impact of women’s involvement in the February Revolution?

<p>Women played a pivotal role in initiating strikes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the historical context in which Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev wrote his letter?

<p>During the establishment of collectivisation policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main differences noted between the Soviet population and other semi-colonial nations according to the visitors?

<p>Soviet citizens enjoyed a unique sense of brotherhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the February Revolution in 1917?

<p>The abdication of the Tsar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Lenin's 'April Theses' primarily focused on?

<p>Promising immediate land reforms and the end of war (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did the Military Revolutionary Committee take during the October Revolution?

<p>They ordered the seizure of government offices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Bolshevik Party rename itself the Communist Party?

<p>To signify a shift towards more radical aims (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks do after failing to gain majority support in the Constituent Assembly elections?

<p>Dismissed the Assembly entirely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the Military Revolutionary Committee during the October Revolution?

<p>Leon Trotskii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major demand of the protesters during the February demonstrations?

<p>Better hours and wages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred in the countryside regarding land in 1917?

<p>Peasants seized the land of the nobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure did the Provisional Government take against the growing Bolshevik influence?

<p>Imposed strict controls on factories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symbolized change in Soviet military and official uniforms in 1918?

<p>A clothing competition for new designs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did soldiers do during the upheaval in February 1917?

<p>Joined the striking workers in mutiny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred after the Bolsheviks took control of key industries in late 1917?

<p>Nationalization of most industry and banks happened (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lenin fear regarding the Provisional Government in September 1917?

<p>They would establish a dictatorship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable event happened on 2 March 1917?

<p>The Tsar abdicated from the throne (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the Soviets formed after February 1917?

<p>No common system of election was followed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the Tsar during the 1905 Revolution?

<p>Nicholas II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event sparked the 1905 Revolution?

<p>Bloody Sunday (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the 1905 Revolution?

<p>To improve working conditions and gain civil liberties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Duma?

<p>An elected consultative Parliament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groups were involved in the 1905 Revolution? (Select all that apply)

<p>Liberals (B), Socialist Revolutionaries (C), Social Democrats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the 1905 Revolution on the Tsarist regime?

<p>The Tsar granted a constitution and a degree of political freedoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the popularity of the war in Russia at the beginning?

<p>The Russian people were patriotic and supported their Tsar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the First World War on Russia’s industry?

<p>Industry suffered due to labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, and equipment deterioration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key factor that contributed to the unpopularity of the Tsar during the war?

<p>The Tsar's unpopular wife and his dependence on the monk Rasputin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the food shortages in Petrograd in the winter of 1917?

<p>The war effort had diverted food supplies to the army (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main catalyst for the February Revolution?

<p>The growing unrest and food shortages in Petrograd (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the situation in Russia during the war?

<p>Russia was losing the war and the Tsar was unpopular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was NOT a factor contributing to the February Revolution? (Select all that apply)

<p>The Tsar’s popularity (C), The Tsar’s desire to dissolve The Duma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Mensheviks?

<p>A group that believed in a more gradual approach to socialism and working within the system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Tsar dismiss the first two Dumas?

<p>He wanted to maintain his absolute power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the February Revolution?

<p>It led to a change in government but not a change in the political system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the eastern and western fronts in World War I?

<p>The western front involved trench warfare while the eastern front involved more mobile battles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the political party that Lenin led?

<p>Bolsheviks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did liberals believe was the best way to achieve societal progress?

<p>Through gradual change, respecting the past, but acknowledging the inevitability of some changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between liberals and radicals in their political views during the 19th century?

<p>Radicals advocated for universal adult franchise, while liberals favored a more limited franchise based on property ownership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the key challenges faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Low wages, long working hours, poor working conditions and inadequate sanitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did socialists see as the root of social ills in the 19th century?

<p>The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few powerful individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of socialism?

<p>Advocacy for individual liberty and economic freedom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the Second International, formed by socialists in the 1870s?

<p>To promote international cooperation between socialist groups and movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Marx believe that workers had to overthrow capitalism?

<p>Because capitalism inherently exploited workers by creating a class system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a socialist society as envisioned by Marx?

<p>A society based on cooperation, equality, and the collective ownership of the means of production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between liberals and conservatives in their views on social change?

<p>Liberals supported the expansion of individual freedoms, while conservatives sought to maintain traditional social hierarchies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution impact conservative thinking?

<p>It forced conservatives to acknowledge that change was inevitable, even if it should occur gradually (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did liberals and radicals support the expansion of education for the working class?

<p>They believed that education would train skilled and productive workers, benefiting both employers and society as a whole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the socialist ideas of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc?

<p>Owen believed in the creation of utopian communities, while Blanc advocated for government-supported cooperatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation for Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist activities after 1815?

<p>To establish a unified Italian state with equal rights for all citizens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following political ideologies embraced the idea of universal adult franchise?

<p>Radicalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary difference between the socialist ideas of Robert Owen and Karl Marx?

<p>Owen focused on reforming capitalism, while Marx advocated for its complete overthrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the Industrial Revolution in shaping the political and social landscape of Europe in the 19th century?

<p>It sparked widespread social unrest and led to the emergence of new political ideologies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Socialism

A political and economic system advocating for collective ownership of production and distribution of goods.

Liberalism

A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, tolerance, and protection from government power.

Conservatism

A political stance advocating for preserving traditional institutions and resisting rapid change.

Radicalism

The belief in or pursuit of radical change in social or political order, often involving revolutionary measures.

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Estates and Orders

Social classes that existed in Europe before the French Revolution, controlled by the aristocracy and church.

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French Revolution

A period (1789-1799) marked by a radical change from monarchy to republic in France, influencing global ideas of democracy and rights.

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Political Traditions

Established systems of beliefs and practices in politics that influence the structure of society and governance.

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Individual Rights

The liberties and privileges that are believed to be inherently belonging to every person.

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Representative Government

A government elected by citizens to make laws on their behalf.

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Universal Adult Franchise

The right for all adults to vote in elections.

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Liberals vs. Radicals

Liberals favored gradual change; radicals pushed for immediate and deep reforms.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of significant industrial growth and societal change in the 18th-19th centuries.

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Social Problems in Industrial Society

Issues like poor wages, long hours, and bad housing stemming from industrialization.

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Nationalism

A political ideology focused on promoting the interests of a particular nation.

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Cooperatives

Organizations owned and operated by a group of individuals for mutual benefit.

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Karl Marx

A philosopher who developed theories about capitalism and class struggle.

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Communism

A political system advocating for classless society and collective ownership of all property.

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Second International

An organization of socialist and labor parties formed to promote international cooperation.

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Working Conditions

The environment and terms under which workers operate, often poor during industrialization.

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Property Privilege

The advantages held by those who own wealth and resources, often limiting opportunities for others.

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Women’s Suffrage Movement

The campaign for women to gain the right to vote.

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Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A political party in Germany that supported socialism and collaborated with trade unions.

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Labour Party

A political party formed in Britain by socialists and trade unionists by 1905.

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October Revolution

The 1917 event where socialists took power in Russia, marking a significant political change.

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Russian Revolution

The series of events in Russia (1917) that led to the fall of the Tsar and rise of socialist rule.

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Russian Empire

The vast empire ruled by Tsar Nicholas II in 1914, including many modern-day countries.

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Agricultural population

85% of the Russian Empire's population were engaged in agriculture in the early 20th century.

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Industrialization in Russia

Pockets of industry grew, mainly in St. Petersburg and Moscow, with foreign investment in the 1890s.

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Division of workers

In Russia, workers were divided by skill, experience, and social class, resulting in varied income and treatment.

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Peasant unrest

Peasants in Russia sought land ownership and often resisted landlords, even violently.

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Social Democrats vs. Socialist Revolutionaries

Two socialist factions in Russia with differing views on the role of peasants in revolution.

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Socialist Revolutionary Party

A political party formed in 1900 to advocate for peasants’ rights and land redistribution in Russia.

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Factory working conditions

Often harsh, with long hours (up to 15), despite government supervision.

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Role of women in factories

Women made up 31% of the factory workforce by 1914 but were paid significantly less than men.

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Village-Worker connections

Some workers maintained strong ties to their rural origins, influencing their social dynamics in urban areas.

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Peasant land sharing

Russian peasants periodically pooled and divided land, a unique practice differing from typical European models.

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Petrograd Soviet

A council formed by soldiers and striking workers during the February Revolution in 1917.

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February Revolution

The uprising that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the end of the Russian monarchy in February 1917.

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Provisional Government

Temporary government formed after the abdication of the Tsar, aimed to transition to democracy.

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April Theses

A series of demands made by Lenin for peace, land for peasants, and nationalization of banks in 1917.

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Bolshevik Party

A Marxist political party led by Lenin, advocating for a socialist revolution.

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Military Revolutionary Committee

Group formed by the Petrograd Soviet to organize the October Revolution against the Provisional Government.

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Nationalization

The process of transferring private assets into public ownership, particularly by the Bolsheviks.

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Constituent Assembly

Elected assembly intended to draft a new constitution in Russia after the February Revolution.

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Lenin's return

Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 from exile, promoting the Bolshevik agenda.

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Social property

Land declared as property owned collectively by all citizens after the Bolshevik Revolution.

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Soviet

A council of workers and soldiers that gained power during the Russian Revolution.

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Duma

The legislative body in Russia during the early 20th century, suspended during the February Revolution.

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Land committees

Groups formed by peasants to manage and redistribute land seized from nobility.

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Brest Litovsk

The peace treaty that the Bolsheviks signed with Germany in March 1918, ending Russia’s involvement in WWI.

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Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik group advocating for a disciplined party.

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Mensheviks

Opponents of the Bolsheviks who favored a more open party structure.

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1905 Revolution

Mass unrest leading to demands for political reform in Russia.

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Bloody Sunday

A pivotal event where soldiers attacked protesting workers in 1905.

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The Duma

The elected consultative Parliament allowed by the Tsar after 1905.

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First World War

Global conflict involving Russia, initially supported by the populace.

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Tsar Nicholas II

The last Emperor of Russia, whose rule ended amidst revolution.

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Rasputin

Controversial monk whose influence on the Tsarina caused distrust.

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Petrograd

Capital of Russia, site of revolutionary activities in 1917.

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International Women’s Day

Triggered strikes in Petrograd, highlighting women's role in the revolution.

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Food Shortages

Significant lack of essential goods contributing to public unrest.

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Workers’ Associations

Groups formed by workers to strengthen their demands for rights.

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Peasants and Workers

Key player groups during the 1905 and February revolutions demanding reforms.

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Factory Committees

Groups formed in factories representing workers' interests.

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Bolsheviks

A revolutionary party that led the October Revolution and became the ruling party in Russia.

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One-party state

A political system where a single party controls the government, limiting political pluralism.

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Cheka

The first Soviet secret police organization, responsible for suppressing dissent.

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Civil War

A conflict between the Bolshevik 'Reds' and their opponents ('Whites') after the October Revolution.

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Five-Year Plans

Centralized economic plans introduced by the Bolsheviks to boost industrial growth.

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Collectivisation

The process of consolidating individual peasant farms into collective farms (kolkhoz) under state control.

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Kulaks

Wealthy peasants who were targeted during collectivisation for opposing Bolshevik policies.

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Censorship

Suppression of free speech and artistic expression, heavily practiced by the Bolsheviks.

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Stalin

Leader of the USSR after Lenin, known for his totalitarian rule and policies like collectivisation.

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Famine

A severe shortage of food that occurred during the civil war and the collectivisation period.

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Model living quarters

Planned housing for workers, part of Bolshevik efforts to improve living conditions.

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Political autonomy

Granting of self-governing rights to non-Russian nationalities within the Soviet Union.

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Central Planning

Economic planning by government officials, aimed at managing the economy efficiently.

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Disillusionment

Feeling of disappointment when expectations are not met, seen among artists and writers under Bolshevik rule.

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Great Famine (1930-1933)

A devastating famine in Soviet history that caused over 4 million deaths due to bad harvests.

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Planned Economy Criticism

Critics of the Planned Economy pointed to confusion in industrial production and effects of collectivisation.

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Political Repression (1930s)

Over 2 million people were imprisoned or sent to labor camps by 1939, many accused without evidence.

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False Confessions

Many accused individuals were forced to confess to crimes under torture.

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Comintern

An international organization of communist parties founded by the Bolsheviks to promote socialist revolutions.

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Colonial Influence

Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to support and follow their revolutionary model.

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Socialism's Global Stature

By WWII, the USSR had established socialism as a global movement despite internal issues.

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Soviet Repression of Freedoms

The USSR developed power and productivity but denied essential rights to its citizens.

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Alexander Shlyapnikov

A socialist worker who described organized illegal meetings in factories during the revolutionary period.

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M.N.Roy

An Indian revolutionary who commented on the reactions of the Kirgiz people to the Russian Revolution.

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Kirgiz Response to Revolution

Initial joy from February Revolution turned to fear by the October Revolution due to violence and dictatorial power.

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Soviet Childhood 1933

A letter from a 13-year-old worker expressing the struggles of poverty and desire for education.

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Collectivization Consequences

Collectivization led to significant criticism and confusion in agricultural productivity.

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Bolshevik Legacy

Despite controversies over their methods, Bolsheviks inspired a global rise in socialism.

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Russian Revolution Ideals

By the 1950s, the USSR acknowledged its government style strayed from original revolutionary ideals.

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Commune

A collective organization where members share resources and labor.

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Cooperative Communism

A system where income and resources are distributed based on shared labor.

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Bolshevik Uprising

The 1917 revolution that led the Bolsheviks to seize power in Russia.

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Civil War (1918-1920)

Conflict between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (anti-Bolsheviks).

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Collectivization (1929)

Policy of consolidating individual peasant farms into collective farms.

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Impact of Russian Revolution in India

The Russian Revolution inspired the formation of the Communist Party in India in the 1920s.

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Social Democratic Workers Party

Party formed in 1898 that represented the socialist movement in Russia.

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Peasant Insurrections

Mass uprisings by peasants against government policies, especially during collectivisation.

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State Police Administration

The Soviet body responsible for enforcing government policies, including suppression of dissent.

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Tax Levies

Imposition of heavy taxes on peasants, leading to loss of property.

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Kolkhoz

Collective farms in the Soviet Union where multiple farmers would work together.

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Women's Role in Revolution

Women played a significant part in strikes and protests, often leading movements.

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Moscow's Appearance in 1930

Described as less clean compared to other European capitals, highlighting worker dominance.

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Rabindranath Tagore

An Indian poet who observed the changes in Soviet Russia, highlighting empowerment of the masses.

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Freedom of Equality

The concept of no caste or class barriers, promoting unity among diverse nationalities in Russia.

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Marfa Vasileva

A woman worker who inspired a successful strike at a telephone factory during Women's Day.

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Government Response to Insurrections

Arrests and executions of peasants in response to uprisings against collectivisation.

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Regional Insurrections

Facilitated mass protests across regions in Ukraine against collectivisation policies.

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Peasant Letter to Newspaper

A firsthand account of a peasant's struggles with heavy taxation and property loss.

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Study Notes

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

  • European society after the French Revolution saw increased discussion of individual rights and power structures.
  • Different political viewpoints emerged, including conservatism, liberalism, and radicalism.
    • Liberals sought religious tolerance, limited dynastic power, and representative government.
    • Radicals advocated government based on the majority, supported women's suffrage, and opposed land/wealth concentration.
    • Conservatives recognized the need for change but favored gradualism and respect for the past.

Industrial Society and Social Change

  • Industrialization spurred significant social and economic changes, introducing new cities, industries, and railways across Europe.
  • Factory work conditions, including long hours and poor wages, contributed to social unrest.
  • Liberals/radicals sought solutions, emphasizing individual effort, education, and economic growth for a healthier workforce.

The Coming of Socialism to Europe

  • Socialism emerged as a powerful, influential ideology in mid-19th-century Europe.

  • Socialists opposed private property, viewing it as a root of social problems because it led to profit prioritization over worker welfare.

  • Different socialist visions existed, like cooperative communities (e.g., Robert Owen's New Harmony) or government-supported cooperatives (e.g., Louis Blanc's proposals).

  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory of historical materialism. They argued that industrial society (capitalism) exploited workers, necessitating a worker-led revolution towards communal ownership (communism) to liberate workers.

Support for Socialism and the Russian Revolution

  • International socialist organizations (e.g., the Second International) formed, coordinating socialist efforts.
  • Socialists were not successful in forming governments until the October Revolution in Russia.
  • The Russian Revolution saw the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II (February 1917) and the subsequent Bolshevik seizure of power (October 1917)

The Russian Empire in 1914

  • Tsar Nicholas II ruled a vast empire encompassing diverse ethnicities and religions.
  • The majority were agriculturalists with pockets of industrialization in St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Economy and Society in Pre-Revolutionary Russia

  • Agriculture dominated the Russian economy, more significantly than in other European nations.
  • Industrialization was concentrated in certain locations.
  • Workers faced poor conditions, low wages, and were divided by skill and origin.
  • Peasants demanded land, often resisting nobles and engaging in protests.

Socialism in Russia

  • The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, formed by followers of Marx, advocated for workers' rights, advocating for the redistribution of land to the peasantry.
  • The party was divided over organizational strategy, with Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) preferring a disciplined, controlled party and Mensheviks favoring an inclusive party.

A Turbulent Time: The 1905 Revolution

  • Factors like rising prices and factory dismissals led to widespread strikes and worker protests, culminating in Bloody Sunday (1905).
  • The revolution forced the Tsar to create a Duma (consultative parliament)
  • Political activity was limited post-1905, and the Tsar maintained authority through various means.

The First World War and the Russian Empire

  • Russia's involvement in World War I caused widespread social and economic hardships.
  • Military defeats, casualty rates, industrial disruptions, and food shortages undermined the Tsarist regime.
  • People increasingly opposed the war and viewed the Tsar negatively.

The February Revolution

  • Food shortages, winter conditions, and political tensions in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) triggered widespread strikes, culminating in the February Revolution.
  • The February revolution overthrow the Tsarist monarchy and led to a provisional government.
  • Women workers played a crucial role in initiating and leading the strikes.

After February

  • Establishment of soviets (worker councils) in various locations (without a standardized election system).
  • Lenin returned to Russia from exile and advocated for a socialist revolution through the "April Theses" including ending the war, redistributing land, and nationalizing banks.
  • Growing worker movement & growing support for the Bolsheviks.
  • The Provisional Government faced growing challenges and attempts to maintain order.

The October Revolution

  • The Bolsheviks organized the October Revolution, seizing power following Lenin's persuasion and the establishment of a Military Revolutionary Committee (led by Leon Trotsky).
  • The successful uprising in Petrograd spread to other cities, culminating in Bolshevik control of the Moscow-Petrograd area.
  • The Bolsheviks gained majority support in the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Aftermath of October/New Bolshevik policies

  • Bolsheviks enforced policies such as nationalizing banks and industries, giving land to peasants, and implementing a centralized planned economy.
  • Rejection of the elected Constituent Assembly, ending the multi-party state.
  • Establishment of the Cheka, an early Soviet secret police.
  • Arts and architecture experiments were encouraged, but limited by censorship.

The Civil War

  • The Bolsheviks faced opposition from various groups (Socialist Revolutionaries, pro-Tsarists), leading into a civil war (1918-1920).

  • Foreign intervention (French, American, British, Japanese) partially supported the anti-Bolshevik (white) forces.

  • Civil war ended with Bolshevik victory, but internal conflict, famine, and suffering still persisted.

Making a Socialist Society

  • Policies of centralized planning and nationalization were implemented for industrialization and economic development.
  • Establishment of the Five-Year Plans for industrial growth led to growth in oil, coal and steel production by the late 1930s.
  • However, this growth created new hardships in terms of living conditions for workers and limitations of resources.

Stalinism and Collectivism

  • Stalin assumed leadership after Lenin's death, centralizing control.
  • Collectivization of agriculture, forcing peasants into collective farms (kolkhozes) led to massive resistance and famine (1930s).
  • Harsh treatment of resisting peasants, including deportations and executions.
  • Millions perished due to famine and the repressive measures from the Stalinist state.

Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR

  • The Russian Revolution inspired the formation of communist parties globally.
  • The USSR supported socialist movements around the world during the 1930s and 1940s through organizations like the Comintern and support for resistance movements.
  • The USSR's model of socialism faced criticism for authoritarian practices. Though the USSR became a global power, criticisms mounted for denying basic freedoms and repressing dissent.

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