European Geography and Monarchies Overview

The geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the universe, while the heliocentric model placed the Sun at the center.

Bacon emphasized empirical observation and experimentation, while Descartes promoted the use of logic and reason.

They faced discrimination based on their gender, often being denied access to education and professional opportunities.

<p>The Enlightenment emphasized innovation, reason, and questioning established traditions, instead of simply adhering to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes advocated for a strong, absolute government to control human nature, while Locke argued for a government based on the consent of the governed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlightenment ideals, such as individual rights, liberty, and representative government, provided the intellectual framework for the American Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors like France's financial crisis, the heavy taxation of the lower classes, and the lack of representation for the Third Estate all contributed to the outbreak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It symbolized the end of absolute monarchy and marked a turning point in the French Revolution, showing the power of the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 1650 and 1850, Europe saw a shift from absolute monarchies to democratic governments with constitutions. This change was fueled by events like the Glorious Revolution in England, which limited the power of the monarchy. Additionally, the rise of nationalism led to the unification of nations like Germany and Italy, reshaping the political map of Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absolute monarchs ruled with divine right, claiming their authority came directly from God. They used their power to strengthen militaries, expand territories through conquest, and control the economy. Their wealth was showcased through grand palaces like Versailles, El Escorial, and Buckingham Palace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlightenment ideals challenged the legitimacy of absolute rule by advocating for individual rights, limited government, and popular sovereignty. These ideas inspired revolutions, like the French Revolution, which led to the dethronement of Louis XVI and the end of absolute monarchy in France.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Thirty Years' War, fueled by religious conflicts, ultimately led to the establishment of religious tolerance in Europe. Exhausted by the war's destruction, European powers recognized the need for peaceful coexistence between different faiths, leading to a shift from religious uniformity to acceptance of multiple religious practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Renaissance and Humanism emphasized individual achievement and the value of personal experience. This shift in focus encouraged a questioning of established knowledge and a pursuit of new discoveries, paving the way for the Scientific Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Islamic civilizations fostered scientific thinking by encouraging experimentation, questioning of existing ideas, and observation-based evidence. These practices laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution, as scientists across Europe adopted a similar approach to knowledge acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Before the Scientific Revolution, people primarily relied on established truths based on church teachings and ancient authorities. They did not actively seek personal discoveries through experimentation, but accepted knowledge as it was presented by these traditional sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 19th century saw the unification of nations like Germany and Italy, creating larger and more powerful states. This process led to the development of a stronger sense of European identity and collaboration. The European Union, formed in the 20th century, is a direct result of this historical trend towards integration and cooperation among European nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The belief that Earth is the center of the universe.

The theory that the Sun is the center of the universe.

A systematic approach to research and experimentation developed by thinkers like Bacon and Descartes.

A period where traditional authority was questioned and new ideas flourished in philosophy and government.

Philosopher who believed in a strong government to control human nature.

Philosopher who supported the idea of government based on consent of the governed.

A period of social and political upheaval in France influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

A phase during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions and political purges.

The study of how political borders align with national and linguistic identities.

A system where governments serve citizens, contrasting with monarchies.

A system where monarchs' powers are limited by a constitution.

A form of government where a single ruler has complete control.

Philosophies promoting reason, individualism, and questioning authority.

A conflict that shifted Europe towards religious tolerance.

A period emphasizing individual discovery over church teachings.

A movement focused on individual human potential and experiences.