Eukaryotic Cell Structure Quiz

Study Notes

Contains a fibrous framework, the cytoskeleton, which provides cell shape and mobility for organelles.
Houses over 10,000 different molecules essential for cellular biosynthesis, converting small molecules into larger biological macromolecules.

Eukaryotic cells possess specialized organelles; prokaryotic cells do not and are generally smaller.
All cells share fundamental biochemistry despite structural differences.

Cellular reproduction occurs in two phases: cell growth (ingestion and processing of molecules) and cell division.
Enzymes act as catalysts, facilitating biochemical transformations without being consumed in the process, enabling complex reaction chains.

1952: Huxley and Hodgkin discovered ionic mechanisms of nerve impulses.
1954: Huxley and Huxley advanced muscle studies, particularly the sliding filament theory.

Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels, and blood properties affecting health and disease.
Digestive/Excretory System: Processes food conversion and waste elimination involving key organs like the liver and pancreas.
Endocrine System: Hormonal signaling for organismal response; major glands include the pituitary and thyroid.
Immune System: Comprises white blood cells, thymus, lymphatic systems, antibodies, and cytokines for pathogen defense.
Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, and glands involved in protection and regulation.
Musculoskeletal System: Skeleton, muscles, ligaments, and bone marrow for muscle movement and blood cell production.
Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; studies sensations, memory, and movement.
Renal/Urinary System: Kidneys and associated structures, responsible for waste removal and urine formation.
Reproductive System: Gonads and sex organs involved in gamete formation and fetal development.
Respiratory System: Structures for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.

Cell Physiology: Focuses on cell function and interactions.
Systems Physiology: Mathematical modeling of biological systems and their components' responses.
Evolutionary Physiology: Studies adaptations and changes over generations, including behavior and physiological variations.
Defense Physiology: Analyzes physiological changes during stress responses.
Exercise Physiology: Investigates physical exercise effects on various bodily functions.

Cells are the fundamental unit of life, enclosed by plasma membranes that manage nutrient entry and waste removal.
Organelles such as the nucleus (contains genetic material), mitochondria (energy transactions), lysosomes (digestion), and the endoplasmic reticulum (molecule synthesis) facilitate cellular processes.
Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, converting CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates.

Microvilli: Increase surface area, commonly found in intestinal cells for absorption.
Cytoplasm: Fluid matrix containing water, enzymes, and the cytoskeleton, which provides structural support.
Microtubules: Hollow tubes of tubulin, involved in intracellular transport and mitosis.
Microfilaments: Actin protein threads, critical for cell motility and transport processes.
Centrioles: Organize microtubule formation for chromatid separation during cell division.