Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of unicellular?

Replaces dead or damaged cells

Only one way to reproduce (correct)

Multiple ways to reproduce

Cells continuously renewed

What is the definition of multicellular?

Replaces dead or damaged cells

More than one way to reproduce

Both B and C (correct)

Only one way to reproduce

Why is cell division important to an adult organism?

Skin and digestive system cells are continuously renewed.

What is the role of growth factors?

It signals cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is differentiation?

Differentiation occurs when a cell receives signals from other nuclei. Signup and view all the answers

What are cell cycle regulators?

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through phosphorylation. Signup and view all the answers

Where does cell division occur?

Meiosis for sex cells and mitosis for body cells. Signup and view all the answers

Where does cell differentiation occur?

In the crypt, right after moving into the lumen. Signup and view all the answers

Where does apoptosis occur?

At the top of the villi/peak. Signup and view all the answers

What is one harmless result of too little cell division?

Hair loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is one harmless result of too much cell division?

Warts. Signup and view all the answers

List in order the cell cycle phases.

G1, S, G2, M. Signup and view all the answers

What is G1 in the cell cycle?

G1, or Gap 1, is the first checkpoint and its job is cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is S in the cell cycle?

S, or Synthesis, is the second checkpoint and its job is to ensure there are no errors. Signup and view all the answers

What is G2 in the cell cycle?

G2, or Gap 2, is the third checkpoint and its purpose is to make sure the DNA is intact. Signup and view all the answers

What is M in the cell cycle?

M, or Mitosis, is the fourth and final checkpoint, ensuring the chromosomes are unattached. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a checkpoint during the cell cycle?

To ensure proper division of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome when errors occur in the cell cycle?

The cell can mutate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of protein that regulates the cell cycle encoded by proto-oncogenes?

APC/C. Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein regulates the tumor suppressor genes?

p53. Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important cell cycle regulators?

CDKs, or Cyclin-Dependent Kinases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a kinase?

Enzymes that add phosphate to other proteins. Signup and view all the answers

When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?

Cyclins are only active when attached to CDK. Signup and view all the answers

What do active CDKs do?

Regulate the timing of each phase. Signup and view all the answers

What are the phase events for G1?

Increase in size. Signup and view all the answers

What are the phase events for S/Synthesis?

Replicate the DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What are the phase events for G2?

Organelles duplicate. Signup and view all the answers

What are the phase events for M/Mitosis?

Two daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the regulatory processes for G1?

CDK, p53, and RB. Signup and view all the answers

What are the regulatory processes for S?

CDK and BRCA 1. Signup and view all the answers

What are the regulatory processes for G2?

CDK and p53. Signup and view all the answers

What are the regulatory processes for M?

APC/C and Mad. Signup and view all the answers

What is the GO phase in the cell cycle?

The cell doesn't divide. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cell that is permanently in GO?

Neurons and muscle cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cell that can leave GO to go through the cell cycle again?

Liver cells. Signup and view all the answers

Name two reasons why cells can form tumors.

Too much cell division and too little cell death. Signup and view all the answers

What causes uncontrolled cell division?

Mutations of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if the APC gene is mutated?

Cells don't differentiate into epithelial cells in the lumen. Signup and view all the answers

What do mutated proto-oncogenes do?

They cause the cell cycle to speed up. Signup and view all the answers

What do mutated tumor suppressor genes do?

They deregulate the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What do proto-oncogenes need to cause cancer?

Proto-oncogenes require 1 allele to be mutated to be considered dominant. Signup and view all the answers

What do tumor suppressor genes need to cause cancer?

They need 2 alleles to be mutated to be considered recessive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

If one of these two is mutated, the cell cycle goes too fast. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a mutated tumor suppressor gene allele versus two mutated tumor suppressor gene alleles?

If one is mutated, the cell cycle is OK, but if both are mutated, the cell cycle won't function. Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of cancer treatments and how they affect the body.

Chemotherapy uses radiation to kill all cells, including good cells, decreasing the immune system. Immunotherapy uses the immune system to fight cancer cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer Overview

Unicellular organisms reproduce only through cell division.
Multicellular organisms not only replace dead or damaged cells but have multiple methods for reproduction.

Importance of Cell Division

Continuous renewal of skin and digestive system cells is essential for adult organisms.
Growth factors are signaling molecules that promote cell division.

Differentiation and Cell Cycle Regulation

Differentiation occurs when cells receive signals from other nuclei, leading to specialized functions.
Cell cycle regulators, such as Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs), control cell division through phosphorylation.

Cell Division Processes

Mitosis occurs for body cells, while meiosis is reserved for sex cells.
Cell differentiation primarily takes place in the crypts of the intestines, shortly after cells enter the lumen.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs at the tips of the villi in the intestine.

Cell Cycle Phases

The cell cycle consists of G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2), and M (Mitosis).
G1: First checkpoint for cell division.
S: Second checkpoint to check for DNA replication errors.
G2: Third checkpoint ensuring DNA integrity before division.
M: Final checkpoint verifying that all chromosomes are properly attached.

Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

Checkpoints are critical for ensuring accurate cell division and preventing mutations.

Outcomes of Cell Cycle Errors

Errors can lead to mutations, which can disrupt normal cellular function.
The APC/C protein regulates cell cycle progression and is influenced by proto-oncogenes, while p53 acts as a regulator of tumor suppressor genes.

Key Proteins in the Cell Cycle

CDKs are vital regulators of the cell cycle.
Kinases function by adding phosphate groups to proteins, activating them during the cell cycle.
Cyclins are only functional when bound to CDKs.

Events in Each Cell Cycle Phase

G1: Increase in cell size.
S: DNA replication occurs.
G2: Duplication of organelles.
M: Division results in two daughter cells.

Regulatory Processes for Phases

G1 regulation involves CDK, p53, and RB proteins.
S phase regulation primarily relies on CDK and BRCA 1.
G2 phase is regulated by CDK and p53.
M phase involves APC/C and Mad for checkpoint integrity.

GO Phase

The GO phase indicates cells that do not continue to divide.
Neurons and muscle cells often remain permanently in the GO phase.
Liver cells can leave the GO phase to re-enter the cell cycle.

Cancer Development

Tumor formation can arise from excessive cell division or insufficient cell death.
Uncontrolled division is often due to mutations in proteins that regulate the cell cycle.
Mutations in the APC gene hinder differentiation into epithelial cells.

Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors

Mutated proto-oncogenes accelerate the cell cycle.
Mutated tumor suppressor genes disrupt normal regulatory mechanisms.
Proto-oncogenes require one mutated allele to manifest dominant effects; thus, causing a gain of function.
Tumor suppressor genes need both alleles mutated to exhibit recessive effects; this results in loss of function.

Cancer Treatment Strategies

Chemotherapy employs radiation to kill cancer cells but also damages healthy cells, leading to decreased immune function.
Immunotherapy leverages the body's immune system to enhance the attack on cancer cells.

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Description

Explore key concepts related to the eukaryotic cell cycle and its link to cancer with these informative flashcards. Each card provides definitions and questions that delve into unicellular and multicellular organisms, the importance of cell division, and the role of growth factors. Perfect for students studying cell biology!