Questions and Answers
What is the definition of unicellular?
What is the definition of multicellular?
Why is cell division important to an adult organism?
Skin and digestive system cells are continuously renewed.
What is the role of growth factors?
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What is differentiation?
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What are cell cycle regulators?
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Where does cell division occur?
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Where does cell differentiation occur?
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Where does apoptosis occur?
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What is one harmless result of too little cell division?
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What is one harmless result of too much cell division?
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List in order the cell cycle phases.
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What is G1 in the cell cycle?
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What is S in the cell cycle?
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What is G2 in the cell cycle?
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What is M in the cell cycle?
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What is the purpose of a checkpoint during the cell cycle?
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What is one potential outcome when errors occur in the cell cycle?
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What is the type of protein that regulates the cell cycle encoded by proto-oncogenes?
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What type of protein regulates the tumor suppressor genes?
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What are the most important cell cycle regulators?
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What is a kinase?
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When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
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What do active CDKs do?
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What are the phase events for G1?
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What are the phase events for S/Synthesis?
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What are the phase events for G2?
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What are the phase events for M/Mitosis?
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What are the regulatory processes for G1?
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What are the regulatory processes for S?
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What are the regulatory processes for G2?
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What are the regulatory processes for M?
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What is the GO phase in the cell cycle?
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What is an example of a cell that is permanently in GO?
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What is an example of a cell that can leave GO to go through the cell cycle again?
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Name two reasons why cells can form tumors.
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What causes uncontrolled cell division?
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What occurs if the APC gene is mutated?
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What do mutated proto-oncogenes do?
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What do mutated tumor suppressor genes do?
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What do proto-oncogenes need to cause cancer?
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What do tumor suppressor genes need to cause cancer?
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What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
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What is the difference between a mutated tumor suppressor gene allele versus two mutated tumor suppressor gene alleles?
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Name two types of cancer treatments and how they affect the body.
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Study Notes
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer Overview
- Unicellular organisms reproduce only through cell division.
- Multicellular organisms not only replace dead or damaged cells but have multiple methods for reproduction.
Importance of Cell Division
- Continuous renewal of skin and digestive system cells is essential for adult organisms.
- Growth factors are signaling molecules that promote cell division.
Differentiation and Cell Cycle Regulation
- Differentiation occurs when cells receive signals from other nuclei, leading to specialized functions.
- Cell cycle regulators, such as Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs), control cell division through phosphorylation.
Cell Division Processes
- Mitosis occurs for body cells, while meiosis is reserved for sex cells.
- Cell differentiation primarily takes place in the crypts of the intestines, shortly after cells enter the lumen.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs at the tips of the villi in the intestine.
Cell Cycle Phases
- The cell cycle consists of G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2), and M (Mitosis).
- G1: First checkpoint for cell division.
- S: Second checkpoint to check for DNA replication errors.
- G2: Third checkpoint ensuring DNA integrity before division.
- M: Final checkpoint verifying that all chromosomes are properly attached.
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle
- Checkpoints are critical for ensuring accurate cell division and preventing mutations.
Outcomes of Cell Cycle Errors
- Errors can lead to mutations, which can disrupt normal cellular function.
- The APC/C protein regulates cell cycle progression and is influenced by proto-oncogenes, while p53 acts as a regulator of tumor suppressor genes.
Key Proteins in the Cell Cycle
- CDKs are vital regulators of the cell cycle.
- Kinases function by adding phosphate groups to proteins, activating them during the cell cycle.
- Cyclins are only functional when bound to CDKs.
Events in Each Cell Cycle Phase
- G1: Increase in cell size.
- S: DNA replication occurs.
- G2: Duplication of organelles.
- M: Division results in two daughter cells.
Regulatory Processes for Phases
- G1 regulation involves CDK, p53, and RB proteins.
- S phase regulation primarily relies on CDK and BRCA 1.
- G2 phase is regulated by CDK and p53.
- M phase involves APC/C and Mad for checkpoint integrity.
GO Phase
- The GO phase indicates cells that do not continue to divide.
- Neurons and muscle cells often remain permanently in the GO phase.
- Liver cells can leave the GO phase to re-enter the cell cycle.
Cancer Development
- Tumor formation can arise from excessive cell division or insufficient cell death.
- Uncontrolled division is often due to mutations in proteins that regulate the cell cycle.
- Mutations in the APC gene hinder differentiation into epithelial cells.
Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
- Mutated proto-oncogenes accelerate the cell cycle.
- Mutated tumor suppressor genes disrupt normal regulatory mechanisms.
- Proto-oncogenes require one mutated allele to manifest dominant effects; thus, causing a gain of function.
- Tumor suppressor genes need both alleles mutated to exhibit recessive effects; this results in loss of function.
Cancer Treatment Strategies
- Chemotherapy employs radiation to kill cancer cells but also damages healthy cells, leading to decreased immune function.
- Immunotherapy leverages the body's immune system to enhance the attack on cancer cells.
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Description
Explore key concepts related to the eukaryotic cell cycle and its link to cancer with these informative flashcards. Each card provides definitions and questions that delve into unicellular and multicellular organisms, the importance of cell division, and the role of growth factors. Perfect for students studying cell biology!