EU Policies and Symbols Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the motto 'United in diversity' in the context of the EU?

  • It promotes isolation from non-EU countries.
  • It emphasizes uniformity among member states.
  • It reflects the multicultural nature of the Union. (correct)
  • It signifies a push for a single official language.

    • Which of the following statements is true about the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights?

  • It is mandatory for all EU member states to follow. (correct)
  • It is a non-binding agreement with no legal implications.
  • It addresses only economic rights.
  • It consists of 50 articles under 7 titles.

    • What is one of the benefits of the EU's single market?

  • Limited options for consumer products.
  • Increased tariffs on imported goods.
  • A significant reduction in airfares. (correct)
  • Enhanced restrictions on the movement of people.

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the four freedoms of movement within the EU's single market?

    <p>Freedom of businesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Schengen Agreement in the EU?

    <p>To eliminate police and customs checks at internal borders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total amount allocated to the EU budget in 2024?

    <p>€186.6 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symbols is NOT associated with the European Union?

    <p>The European Parliament building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the EU's enlargement policy exhibit constructive ambiguity?

    <p>By allowing flexibility in negotiations with member states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of EU countries using the euro?

    <p>More choice and stable prices for consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key response from European leaders to the 2008 financial crisis?

    <p>Introduction of the European Stability Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization supervises the most important banks in the EU?

    <p>The European Central Bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European Social Charter promotes which of the following?

    <p>Fundamental social and economic rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Banking Union in the EU primarily aims to address what issue?

    <p>Ensure the stability and safety of banks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one feature of the euro coins used in the euro area?

    <p>One side has national symbols, the other common symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Single Resolution Board serve in the EU banking system?

    <p>Winds down failing banks based on EU-wide decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European Semester process is aimed at what?

    <p>Coordinating public budgets among member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum percentage of expenditure related to digital that each recovery and resilience plan should include?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the focuses for member states to support the digital transition?

    <p>Implementing green energy solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of strengthening social and economic resilience, what is a measure encouraged for member states?

    <p>Providing inclusive education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is suggested to govern all expenditure?

    <p>Do no significant harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest percentage of total government spending relative to GNI from 2014-2020 based on the provided data?

    <p>Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of the European Employment Strategy?

    <p>To create more and better jobs throughout the EU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commitment does the Youth Guarantee entail for young people under 25?

    <p>A good quality offer of employment, education, apprenticeship, or traineeship within four months of unemployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average percentage of women in employment in the EU in 2017?

    <p>66.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key actions in the New Start Action Plan introduced in November 2017?

    <p>Closing the pay gap between men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does the EU economy lose annually due to the employment gap between men and women?

    <p>€370 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which campaign does the EU fund to combat violence against women and girls?

    <p>NON.NO.NEIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the measures taken to improve job opportunities for women?

    <p>Providing quality childcare and retraining schemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential job creation impact of improving gender equality by 2050?

    <p>10.5 million jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of GDP did the EU aim for in research and development by 2020?

    <p>3.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit offered to consumers in the EU?

    <p>Mandatory product insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the objectives for member states regarding the green transition?

    <p>Protect and restore biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes has NOT been attributed to EU action?

    <p>Increased acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which funding component has the highest allocation in the breakdown of Next Generation EU?

    <p>Recovery and Resilience Facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum percentage of climate-related expenditure required in each recovery and resilience plan?

    <p>37%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to EU consumer rights regarding online shopping?

    <p>Passengers’ rights for travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of public health, which program was established to address COVID-19 within the EU?

    <p>EU Health Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus area for EU action to improve health and the environment?

    <p>Increasing pesticide use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount allocated for the Recovery and Resilience Facility in the NextGenerationEU budget?

    <p>672.5 billion EUR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices is prohibited under EU consumer rights laws?

    <p>Unfair practice in contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical registrations and controls is referred to in EU policies?

    <p>REACH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a priority for investments outlined in the EU's objective for green transition?

    <p>Strengthening sustainable mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an outcome of EU action against pollution?

    <p>Increased use of plastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    EU Enlargement Policy

    • The EU enlargement policy is likely to continue with a strategy known as constructive ambiguity
    • Countries that have joined the EU since 1970: Norway (1972 and 1994), Greenland (1985), Iceland (2015), UK (2016-2021)

    EU Symbols

    • The EU motto: United in diversity
    • The European anthem
    • The euro
    • The European flag
    • Europe Day: 9 May
    • 24 official languages

    Charter of Fundamental Rights

    • It is binding for all EU activities, with 54 articles under 6 titles:
      • Dignity
      • Freedoms
      • Equality
      • Solidarity
      • Citizens’ rights
      • Justice

    The EU's Budget and Key Policies

    • The EU budget for 2024 is €186.6 billion, representing 1.11% of GDP

    The Single Market

    • The single market is characterized by four freedoms of movement:
      • Goods
      • Services
      • People
      • Capital
    • The single market has resulted in:
      • Significant reductions in prices of products and services
      • More choices for consumers
      • Millions of new jobs
      • More opportunities for businesses

    Free to Move - Schengen

    • The Schengen area allows for borderless travel between most EU countries, including Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Iceland
    • Benefits within the Schengen area:
      • No police or customs checks at borders
      • No fluctuation risk and foreign exchange costs
      • More choice and stable prices for consumers
      • Closer economic cooperation between EU countries

    The Euro

    • EU Countries Using the Euro:
      • Can be used everywhere in the euro area
      • Coins: one side with national symbols, one side common
      • Notes: no national side
    • EU Countries Not Using the Euro:

    Stronger Together: The European Economy

    • The 2008 global financial crisis started in the United States
    • EU leaders responded with:
      • Commitment to the euro and financial stability
      • New crisis management tools and reforms:
        • European Stability Mechanism: A fund to help countries in extraordinary situations
        • New laws for bank stability
        • Banking Union: EU-wide supervision of banks and a mechanism to resolve failing banks
        • Better economic governance:
          • European Semester: Annual coordination of public budgets
          • Euro+ pact, ‘Fiscal compact treaty’: Mutual commitments to sound public finances

    Safe and Reliable Banks: Banking Union

    • The EU’s response to the financial crisis:
      • Rulebook: New laws to ensure adequate capital and better risk control for banks
      • Supervision: The European Central Bank supervises the +/- 130 most important banks
        • National bank supervisors work closely together
      • Resolution: A Europe-wide Single Resolution Board can decide to wind down failing banks
        • Backed by a fund paid into by banks, ensuring taxpayers do not bear the cost
      • Common Deposit Insurance Scheme: Missing

    Social Europe

    • Europe has the highest levels of social protection globally, with high rankings in quality of life and wellbeing
    • EU initiatives maintain these high standards:
      • The European Social Charter: Guarantees fundamental social and economic rights, including employment, housing, health, education, social protection, and welfare
      • Directive for a Minimum Wage
      • The European Social Fund: Invests €10 billion annually, supporting jobs and improving job opportunities for EU citizens
      • The European Employment Strategy: Dedicated to creating more and better jobs across the EU
      • The Youth Guarantee: Commits member states to ensuring all young people under 25 receive quality offers of employment, further education, apprenticeship, or traineeship within 4 months of becoming unemployed or leaving education

    Gender Equality

    • Equality between women and men is a core EU value
    • The EU aims to:
      • Help women secure desired jobs and earn equal pay to men
      • Help women balance work and other aspects of life
    • Key Initiatives:
      • Employment: In 2017, the EU saw an increase in women's participation in the workforce to 66.6%, compared to nearly 80% of men
      • Equal Pay: On average, women earn 16% less than men in the EU
        • New Start Action Plan was introduced in November 2017 to bridge the pay gap
      • Funding: Investments in specific actions to promote women's employment include programs for retraining and skills development, support for women returning to work after career breaks, quality childcare provisions, and improving employer awareness of challenges faced by women
      • The Economy: The gap in employment between men and women costs the EU economy €370 billion annually. Improving gender equality could create 10.5 million jobs by 2050 and boost the EU economy by €1.95 to €3.15 trillion
      • The EU prioritizes ending violence against women and girls: The EU-funded NON.NO.NEIN campaign encourages men and women to challenge violence against women

    Research - Investing in the Knowledge Society

    • EU spending on research and development (%) of GDP:
      • EU: 2.1%
      • EU objective (2020): 3.3%
      • China: 2.7%
      • Japan: 1.8%
      • United States: 3.0%

    The EU: A World Leader in Peace and Prosperity

    • World Trade Rules: The EU plays a key role in shaping global trade rules
    • Common Foreign and Security Policy: The EU coordinates foreign and security policies across member states
    • Development Assistance and Humanitarian Aid: The EU provides significant development assistance and humanitarian aid globally

    Protecting Consumer Rights

    • Basic consumer protection laws apply across the EU, even when traveling or shopping online
    • Key Protections:
      • Clear labeling
      • Health and safety standards
      • Restrictions on unfair contract practices
      • Passenger rights, including compensation for delays
      • Help to resolve consumer issues

    Improving Health and the Environment

    • Pollution is a global issue, requiring coordinated action
    • Environmental successes:
      • Cleaner bathing water
      • Reduced acid rain
      • Lead-free petrol
      • Safe disposal of electronic equipment
      • Strict food safety regulations
      • Increased organic and quality farming
      • Effective health warnings on cigarettes
      • Registration and control of chemicals under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals)
      • EU Health Union - Response to COVID-19

    COVID-19 Response: NextGenerationEU

    • NextGenerationEU:
      • Recovery and Resilience Facility: € 672.5 / 673.3 billion
        • Grants: € 312.5 / 313.3 billion
        • Loans: € 360.0 / 360.0 billion
      • Grants: € 390.0 billion
        • Provisioning for guarantees: € 5.6 billion
      • Loans: € 360.0 billion
      • Total: €750.0 billion
    • Other initiatives within NextGenerationEU:
      • REACT-EU: € 47.5 / 47.5 billion
      • Rural development: € 7.5 / 85.4 billion
      • Just Transition Fund: € 10.0 / 17.5 billion
      • InvestEU: € 5.6 / 8.4 billion
      • EU4Health: € 0.0 / 1.7 billion
      • rescEU: € 1.9 / 3.0 billion
      • Horizon Europe: € 5.0 / 80.9 billion
    • NextGenerationEU Total (including possible EU budget financing): € 2018 prices, EUR billion in commitments

    Green Transition

    • Member states should prioritize reforms and investments that:
      • Decarbonize industry
      • Promote circular economy
      • Protect and restore biodiversity
      • Strengthen Sustainable mobility
    • Recovery and resilience plans must include at least 37% of climate-related spending
    • Do no significant harm principle: This principle applies to all expenditure

    Digital Transition

    • Member states must focus on reforms and investments that:
      • Improve connectivity
      • Develop citizens' digital skills
      • Deploy cutting-edge technologies (e.g., AI, high performance computing)
      • Enhance cybersecurity
    • Recovery and resilience plans should allocate at least 20% of spending to digital objectives

    Social and Economic Resilience

    • The recovery process must be fair to all Europeans
    • Member states are encouraged to:
      • Implement measures promoting equal opportunities, inclusive education, fair working conditions, and adequate social protection
      • Ensure quality healthcare services
    • Improving public finances is crucial for boosting growth potential and supporting economic transformation

    Government Spending

    • EU budget: 1.11%
    • EU 27 average: 43.3%
    • Germany: 47.1%
    • The Netherlands: 43.2%
    • Denmark: 49.2%
    • Sweden: 51.1%
    • Total government spending as a percentage of GNI (2014-2020): 60%

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