EU Equality and Labor Law Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following treaties introduced Article 19 TFEU, allowing the EU to tackle discrimination based on grounds such as sexual orientation, age, and disability?

  • Treaty of Rome (1957)
  • Amsterdam Treaty (1997) (correct)
  • Maastricht Treaty (1992)
  • Single European Act (1986)

    • Which of the following statements BEST describes the key role of the CJEU in EU equality law?

  • The CJEU interprets and expands the scope of EU equality provisions through landmark rulings. (correct)
  • The CJEU enforces directives, ensuring that member states comply with their obligations.
  • The CJEU acts as a mediator between member states to resolve disputes regarding equality laws.
  • The CJEU primarily focuses on enacting new directives to address specific equality issues.

    • Which EU directive provides a comprehensive framework for gender equality, covering areas such as equal pay, access to employment, and social security?

  • Directive 2006/54/EC (Recast Directive on gender equality) (correct)
  • Directive 92/85/EEC (Pregnancy and Maternity Protection)
  • Directive 2010/41/EU (Self-Employed Workers Directive)
  • Directive 2000/78/EC (Framework Equality Directive)

    • Which of the following legal provisions directly prohibits nationality-based discrimination in the context of employment?

    <p>Article 45 TFEU (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key provision within the Insolvency Directive (2008/94/EC)?

    <p>Information and Consultation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the European Social Fund (ESF)?

    <p>To support projects and initiatives that aim to improve social inclusion and employment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements BEST describes the concept of 'social dialogue' in the context of EU labor law?

    <p>A structured process involving social partners (trade unions and employers) in shaping EU labor law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which case established a broad definition of 'employees' in the context of transfers of undertakings, potentially including those not formally employed by the transferor?

    <p>Albron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Insolvency Directive (2008/94/EC)?

    <p>To ensure minimum protection for employees in cases of employer insolvency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EU directive addresses issues related to collective redundancies in the context of restructuring processes?

    <p>Collective Redundancies Directive (98/59/EC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key theme to understand for success with the exam according to the content?

    <p>Familiarizing yourself with the key directives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core theme of the European Pillar of Social Rights?

    <p>Free movement of goods and services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a focus area mentioned in the content?

    <p>Procedural safeguards in collective redundancies and transfers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key issue emerging in EU labor law due to the rise of platform work and digitalization?

    <p>Lack of clarity regarding worker status and rights for platform workers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EU directive strengthened work-life balance provisions, enhancing parental leave and flexible working arrangements?

    <p>Work-Life Balance Directive (2019/1158) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct outcome of the Treaty of Rome (1957) in relation to social objectives within the EU?

    <p>Introduction of equal pay provisions for men and women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EU directive aims to ensure workers have access to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid leave per year?

    <p>Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an emerging issue discussed in the content?

    <p>Collective bargaining power in the EU (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which legal document guarantees equality between men and women in all areas within the EU?

    <p>Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle established in the Transfer of Undertakings Directive (2001/23/EC) regarding employees' contracts and collective agreements?

    <p>They are automatically transferred to the new employer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Regulation 883/2004 contribute to the social security of mobile workers within the EU?

    <p>It ensures that mobile workers can claim and receive their social security benefits regardless of their location. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples BEST exemplifies a concept of 'work of equal value', as interpreted by the CJEU in the context of Article 157 TFEU?

    <p>Two employees performing different jobs requiring similar levels of skill and responsibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EU directive explicitly prohibits discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin in areas such as employment, education, and housing?

    <p>Race Directive (2000/43/EC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty empowered social partners (trade unions and employers) to negotiate agreements that could be enforced as directives?

    <p>Maastricht Treaty (1992) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a protected characteristic covered by the Framework Equality Directive (2000/78/EC) in employment contexts?

    <p>Marital Status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the proposed Horizontal Equality Directive (COM/2008/0426)?

    <p>To provide protection against discrimination in areas beyond employment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Feryn, what type of discrimination was established against the employer?

    <p>Direct Discrimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key objective of the Achbita case in relation to discrimination?

    <p>To examine the justification of religious neutrality policies under indirect discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios constitutes direct discrimination?

    <p>A company refusing to hire a job applicant because of their religion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential justification for direct discrimination?

    <p>Personal preferences of the employer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key criteria for justifying indirect discrimination?

    <p>Legitimate aim and proportionate means (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the burden of proof shift to the respondent in a discrimination case?

    <p>When the claimant establishes a prima facie case of discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the three-step test for assessing discrimination?

    <p>Assessing the financial impact of the discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary legal basis for EU equality provisions?

    <p>Article 19 TFEU (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directive establishes minimum safety and health requirements for organizing working time?

    <p>Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following circumstances is NOT covered by the scope of the Working Time Directive?

    <p>Healthcare professionals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the CJEU, which of the following can be considered working time?

    <p>On-call time if the worker must be physically present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale behind the EU directives aiming to mitigate the social costs of restructuring processes?

    <p>To protect workers' rights and involve them in restructuring processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key element defining collective redundancies as stated in the Collective Redundancies Directive (98/59/EC)?

    <p>Dismissals of a minimum number of workers due to reasons unrelated to individual performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information must employers provide to worker representatives during consultation regarding collective redundancies?

    <p>Written information about the reasons for redundancy, affected categories, and timeline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key concern regarding data protection laws formulated in the 1970s?

    <p>The potential for data breaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) emphasizes data protection as a key right.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a reason cited for the need for a new data protection law, like the GDPR, to replace the 1995 Directive?

    <p>The need to restrict data processing for public institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of "informational privacy" emphasizes:

    <p>A right to control the use of personal data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key challenges faced by the Data Protection Directive (1995)? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Difficulty addressing rapid technological changes (B), Lack of uniformity in implementation across EU member states (D), Limited resources for enforcement by data protection authorities (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a reason for the evolution of data protection laws?

    <p>A recent shift in focus towards ensuring data security (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key aims of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)? (Select all that apply)

    <p>To strengthen the rights of individuals regarding their data (A), To replace the 1995 Data Protection Directive (B), To harmonise data protection laws across EU member states (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which international declaration first acknowledged privacy as a fundamental human right?

    <p>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key mechanisms for ensuring appropriate safeguards under Article 46 of the GDPR?

    <p>Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs), Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs), and Custom Contractual Clauses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the adequacy decisions issued by the European Commission regarding data transfers to non-EU countries?

    <p>To ensure that the level of data protection in the receiving country is equivalent to that in the EU. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to GDPR Article 77, which of these authorities can individuals file complaints with regarding data protection infringements?

    <p>Supervisory authorities in the individual's place of residence, workplace, or location of the infringement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Schrems I and II rulings regarding data transfers to the United States?

    <p>They invalidated the Safe Harbor and Privacy Shield frameworks due to insufficient data protection standards in the US. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs) in ensuring data protection within multinational organizations?

    <p>They provide a framework for internal rules governing data transfers within a multinational organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a key responsibility of supervisory authorities under the GDPR?

    <p>Enforcing national laws on data protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Article 83 of the GDPR, what are the maximum fines that can be imposed for violations?

    <p>Up to €20 million or 4% of annual global turnover, whichever is higher. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor considered when determining the severity of a GDPR fine?

    <p>The financial loss incurred by individuals due to the violation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the right to judicial remedy under Article 78 of the GDPR?

    <p>The right to challenge supervisory authority decisions in court. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "market-making" and "market-correcting" rationales for labor law?

    <p>They show how labor law contributes both to facilitating economic activity and addressing social inequalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of EU labor law?

    <p>EU Treaties, specifically Articles 151-161 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between national and EU labor law in terms of scope?

    <p>National law is more comprehensive, while EU law is more specific and focused on particular areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "continuous improvement" language in Article 117 of the Treaty of Rome regarding working conditions?

    <p>It emphasizes the need for constant progress and enhancement of working conditions within the EU. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an example of a national data protection authority?

    <p>European Data Protection Board (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates a key principle of international data transfer within the EU and EEA?

    <p>Personal data can freely move between EU Member States and EEA countries, without restrictions or prohibitions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the GDPR, which of the following is an example of a lawful transfer of personal data from the EU to a third country?

    <p>Transfer based on a binding corporate rule (BCR) approved by the relevant supervisory authority (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pseudonymization under the GDPR?

    <p>To temporarily mask personal data for specific processing tasks, allowing for re-identification with additional information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the GDPR, what is the key difference between anonymization and pseudonymization?

    <p>Anonymization permanently removes all identifiable information, while pseudonymization only masks it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a third country to receive an adequacy decision under the GDPR?

    <p>The third country must have a data protection law that is identical to the GDPR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rights under the GDPR allows individuals to request the deletion of their personal data in certain circumstances?

    <p>Right to Erasure ('Right to Be Forgotten') (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The GDPR requires controllers to implement and demonstrate compliance with all its principles. What is this principle known as?

    <p>Accountability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is NOT a technical measure for protecting integrity and confidentiality of personal data under the GDPR?

    <p>Data Minimization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a valid example of an organizational policy for protecting integrity and confidentiality of personal data under the GDPR?

    <p>Regularly conducting staff training on data protection principles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a valid scenario for data subjects to exercise their right to rectification under the GDPR?

    <p>Requesting the removal of their personal data altogether, as they no longer wish to be contacted by the company. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 'Right to Be Forgotten' principle, when can data subjects NOT request the erasure of their personal data?

    <p>When the data is necessary for legal claims or regulatory purposes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals can request restrictions on data processing under the GDPR when:

    <p>They believe that the data is inaccurate and they challenge its accuracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstances can data subjects object to the processing of their personal data under the GDPR?

    <p>When the data is being processed for direct marketing based on legitimate interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Digital Rights Ireland case (2014) establish as a crucial principle for GDPR compliance?

    <p>The principle of proportionality, ensuring measures are appropriate and necessary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The S. and Marper v. UK (2008) case emphasized what key aspect of data retention?

    <p>The importance of limiting data retention periods to prevent undue interference with rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key GDPR principle emphasized in this content?

    <p>Harmonization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of data processing under GDPR's Article 5?

    <p>Proportionality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a valid legal basis for processing personal data under Article 6 of the GDPR?

    <p>Explicit consent from the data subject. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a violation of the purpose limitation principle under Article 5 of the GDPR?

    <p>An airline uses passenger data for ticket booking and also shares it with immigration authorities for border control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the principle of Data Minimization?

    <p>Collecting only the data that is strictly necessary for the intended purpose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Processor' refer to under GDPR?

    <p>A company that processes personal data on behalf of a controller. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of GDPR, what does 'Consent' require?

    <p>To be given freely, specifically, informed, and unambiguously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Applying GDPR's territorial scope, Which of the following scenarios does NOT fall under its jurisdiction?

    <p>An individual in the US collecting personal data of their family members for personal use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the CJEU ruling in the Google Spain case, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Data subjects have the right to be forgotten, which includes the erasure of irrelevant or outdated information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the GDPR?

    <p>To protect the privacy and rights of individuals with regard to their personal data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would NOT be considered when assessing the compatibility of further processing of data for a new purpose?

    <p>The size and financial capacity of the organization processing the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is NOT an obligation of a data controller under the principle of Accuracy?

    <p>Collecting only the minimum amount of data necessary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples demonstrates the principle of Purpose Limitation?

    <p>An online retailer using customer data to send personalized marketing emails. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about GDPR's applicability is TRUE?

    <p>GDPR applies to organizations within the EU and non-EU organizations that offer goods or services to EU citizens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which principle of GDPR is pseudonymization encouraged?

    <p>Data Minimization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a Controller and a Processor?

    <p>The controller determines the purpose and means of processing data, while the processor processes data on the controller's behalf. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Data Protection and the GDPR

    • Privacy vs. Data Protection: Privacy protects individuals' private lives, rooted in human rights frameworks like the ECHR. Data protection regulates personal data processing, ensuring control over data use.

    • Historical Development of Privacy Rights: International milestones include the UDHR (1948) and ECHR (1950), recognizing privacy as a fundamental right. Evolution in Europe addressed privacy in the context of rebuilding a fair, democratic society.

    • Technological Advancements and Privacy: Technology improves efficiency, communication, and societal productivity, but increases data collection and processing capacity. "Informational privacy" is a concept emphasizing individual control over personal data.

    • Evolution of Data Protection Laws: Early laws (1970s) addressed misuse of personal information by public authorities and corporations. The EU recognized data protection as a fundamental right (TFEU, Charter of Fundamental Rights).

    • EU Data Protection Laws: Key Milestones: The 1995 Data Protection Directive aimed for EU-wide uniformity but lacked consistency and enforcement due to implementation variations and rapid technological change. The 2016 GDPR replaced and strengthened the directive, harmonizing data protection across member states.

    • GDPR: Core Elements: The GDPR defines "personal data" as any identifiable information relating to an individual. "Processing" includes operations like collection, storage, and erasure of data. "Controller" determines the processing purpose and method; "processor" handles data on behalf of the controller. 

    • Consent (Article 4): Consent requirements are freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous, via clear affirmative action (opt-in); data subjects can withdraw consent.

    • Territorial Scope (Article 3): Applicable to EU controllers and processors regardless of data processing location, including non-EU entities offering goods/services to EU citizens or monitoring their actions.

    • Material Scope (Article 2): The GDPR covers automated and structured manual data processing systems but excludes personal and household activities or public security/criminal law-related processing.

    • Principles of Data Processing (Article 5): Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency ensure ethical data handling. Data must be limited to specific, legitimate purposes, minimized in quantity, accurate, limited in storage duration, secure in integrity and confidentiality; and under accountability by controllers.

    GDPR Principles & Rights of Data Subjects

    • Principles of Data Processing: The GDPR requires all data processing to adhere to fairness, transparency, and security principles.

    • Lawfulness, Fairness, and Transparency: Processing is lawful only if one of six conditions applies: Consent, contractual necessity, legal obligation, vital interests, public interest, or legitimate interests (balanced against data subject rights). Fairness involves avoiding negative surprises; transparency requires clear communication of processing activities.

    • Purpose Limitation: Data must be collected for explicit, legitimate purposes; further processing for compatible purposes is acceptable without new consent (based on compatibility factors and appropriate safeguards).

    • Data Minimization: Collect only necessary data, implementing privacy-enhancing techniques like pseudonymization to mitigate identification risk.  A proportionality test balances the processing purpose against potential impact on the data subject's rights.

    • Accuracy: Ensure data accuracy and up-to-date; rectify mistakes promptly and verify data regularly or periodically.

    • Storage Limitation: Retain data only as long as needed for its purpose; erase or anonymize data after use. Anonymization removes identifiers, while pseudonymization masks them but allows re-identification.

    • Integrity and Confidentiality: Protect data from unauthorized access, loss, or breaches through technical measures (e.g., encryption) and organizational policies (e.g., staff training). 

    • Accountability: Controllers are responsible for implementing and demonstrating compliance through records of processing activities and regular audits. 

    • Rights of Data Subjects: The GDPR strengthens data subject rights, enabling control over personal information.

    • Right to be Informed: Controllers must provide detailed information about data processing, including identity, purpose, recipients, retention periods, and data subject rights.

    • Right of Access: Allows data subjects to request confirmation of data processing, a copy of personal data, details about processing purposes and recipients, and retention periods, and rights to rectification, erasure, or objection.

    • Right to Rectification: Subjects can correct inaccurate data.

    • Right to Erasure (“Right to Be Forgotten”): Data erasure when no longer needed, consent is withdrawn, processing is unlawful, or subject objects without overriding grounds preventing erasure.

    • Right to Restrict Processing: Subjects can restrict processing if data accuracy is disputed, processing is unlawful but erasure is opposed, or data is needed for legal claims.

    • Right to Object: Subjects can object to processing primarily based on legitimate interests (e.g., direct marketing) or when processing is performed in the public interest.

    • Pseudonymization vs. Anonymization: Pseudonymization masks data for re-identification with further information, while anonymization removes all identifiers permanently.

    International Data Transfers and Enforcement Mechanisms

    • International Transfer of Personal Data: Data transfer within the EU/EEA is free, but transfers to third countries require compliance through adequacy decisions or appropriate safeguards (e.g., SCCs, BCRs).

    • Adequacy Decisions: The European Commission evaluates whether a third country provides an adequate level of data protection equivalent to EU standards. 

    • Appropriate Safeguards: If no adequacy decision exists, data exporters use safeguards like Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) or Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs).

    • Schrems Saga: Key cases, Schrems I and II, invalidated the Safe Harbour and EU-US Privacy Shield frameworks due to insufficient safeguards against US surveillance.

    • GDPR Enforcement Mechanisms: Supervisory authorities monitor GDPR compliance, investigate complaints, conduct audits, and impose fines.

    • Data Subject Rights: Individuals can file complaints with supervisory authorities; rights to judicial remedy and compensation for GDPR violations exist.

    • Sanctions (Article 83 GDPR): Enforcement includes significant fines (up to €20 million or 4% global turnover) based on factors including the gravity of the infringement, duration, number of affected subjects, and cooperation during investigations.

    • Supervisory Authorities: Independent bodies in each member state responsible for investigations, enforcement, and imposing fines and corrective actions.

    EU Equality Law

    • Development and Sources of EU Equality Law: Started with equal pay for men and women (Article 119 EEC/ 157 TFEU), expanded through the Amsterdam Treaty (Article 19 TFEU), and the Charter of Fundamental Rights.

    • Article 157 TFEU: Directly effective, ensuring equal pay for work of equal value (includes severance, travel, and pension provisions).

    • Equality Beyond Gender: Article 19 TFEU combats discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual orientation.

    • Common Concepts and Tests for Discrimination: EU law recognizes direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, and instructions to discriminate; it considers justifications (e.g., genuine occupational requirements).

    • Types of Discrimination: Direct discrimination treats someone differently because of a protected characteristic; Indirect discrimination uses neutral provisions that disadvantage people with protected characteristics. Harassment and instructions to discriminate are also prohibited.

    • Tools for Assessing Discrimination: The three-step process for discrimination analysis involves confirming if the case involves discrimination, determining if direct or indirect discrimination has occurred, and evaluating if the treatment can be justified.

    • Burden of Proof: The claimant initially demonstrates discrimination; the respondent proves that no violation occurred.

    EU Labour Law – Working Time and Workers’ Rights in Restructuring Processes

    • Working Time Regulation: The Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC) sets maximum working hours, rest periods, and paid leave; it aims to improve worker safety and health. Key provisions include daily/weekly rest, maximum weekly hours, and minimum annual leave.

    • Collective Redundancies Directive (98/59/EC): Protects employees during redundancies; Employers must consult worker representatives. Public notification of redundancies (number of workers, reasons) are required.

    • Transfers of Undertakings Directive (2001/23/EC): Ensures employee rights transfer with corporate ownership changes. Consultations are required, and dismissals must be justified on economic, technical, or organizational grounds unrelated to employee identity.

    • Insolvency Directive (2008/94/EC): Guarantees minimum protection for employees during employer insolvency, covering outstanding wages/contributions and ensuring contributions are paid. Cross-border insolvency cases determine which state’s regulations apply.

    • Emerging Issues: Digitalization, platform work, and work-life balance impact workers' rights requiring adjustments to existing regulations. Psychosocial risks (mental health in the workplace) are also emerging as concerns.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on EU equality law, including key treaties, directives, and the role of the CJEU. This quiz covers important topics such as anti-discrimination measures and the European Social Fund. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the intricacies of labor law within the EU.

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